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Electronics

Electronics and Circuits Theory

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Cherry Mae Cabusas Venial
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10 views31 pages

Electronics

Electronics and Circuits Theory

Uploaded by

Cherry Mae Cabusas Venial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a very high gain


differential amplifier with high input impedance and low output
impedance. Typical uses of the operational amplifier are to
provide voltage amplitude changes (amplitude and polarity),
oscillators, filter circuits, and many types of instrumentation
circuits. An op-amp contains a number of differential amplifier
stages to achieve a very high voltage gain.
Types of
Operation
• Single-Ended Input
• Double-Ended ( Differential) Input
• Double-Ended Output
• Common-Mode Operation
• Common-Mode Rejection
Single-Ended
Input
Double-Ended
( Differential) Input
Double-Ended Output
Double-Ended Output
Common-Mode Operation
Common-Mode Operation

A significant feature of a differential


connection is that the signals that are
opposite at the inputs are highly
amplified, whereas those that are
common to the two inputs are only
slightly amplified—the overall
operation being to amplify the
difference signal while rejecting the
common signal at the two inputs.
Since noise (any unwanted input
signal) is generally common to both
inputs, the differential connection
tends to provide attenuation of this
unwanted input while providing an amplified
output of the difference signal applied to the
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT
A number of input signal
combinations are possible:

If an input signal is applied to either


input with the other input connected
to ground, the operation is referred to
as “single-ended.”

If two opposite-polarity input signals


are applied, the operation is referred
to as “double-ended.”

If the same input is applied to both


inputs, the operation is called
“common-mode.”
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT
DC-BIAS
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DC-BIAS
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT DC-BIAS
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT
AC Operation of Circuit
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit

An AC connection of a differential
amplifier is shown in Fig. 10.12.
Separate input signals are applied
as Vi1 and Vi2 , with separate
outputs resulting as Vo1 and Vo2.
To carry out ac analysis, we redraw
the circuit in Fig. 10.13. Each
transistor is replaced by its ac
equivalent.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit

Single-Ended AC Voltage Gain


DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit

for which the single-ended


voltage gain magnitude at
either collector is
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT AC Operation of Circuit

Double-Ended AC Voltage
Gain
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT
COMMON-MODE OPERATION
CIRCUIT
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT COMMON-MODE OPERATION CIRCUIT

for which the single-ended


voltage gain magnitude at
either collector is
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT COMMON-MODE OPERATION CIRCUIT
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT
Use of Constant-Current Source
Use of Constant-Current Source
Use of Constant-Current Source

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