GUI Design

AWT & Swings

 AWT
• The AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) was Java’s first GUI framework,
and it has been part of Java since version 1.0.
• It contains numerous classes and methods that allow you to create
windows.
• The AWT classes are contained in the java.awt package.
• It is one of Java’s largest packages
 AWT
• The two most common windows are those derived from Panel, which
is used by applets, and those derived from Frame, which creates a
standard application window.
• Much of the functionality of these windows is derived from their
parent classes.
 Component
• At the top of the AWT hierarchy is the Component class. Component
is an abstract class that encapsulates all of the attributes of a visual
component.
• It defines over a hundred public methods that are responsible for
managing events, such as mouse and keyboard input, positioning and
sizing the window, and repainting.
 Container
• The Container class is a subclass of Component.
• It has additional methods that allow other Component objects to be
nested within it. Other Container objects can be stored inside of a
Container.
 Container
Panel:
• The Panel class is a concrete subclass of Container.
• Panel is the superclass for Applet.
• a Panel is a window that does not contain a title bar, menu bar, or
border.
• Other components can be added to a Panel object by its add( )
method (inherited from Container).
• Once these components have been added, you can position and
resize them manually using the setLocation( ) and setSize( ) methods
defined by Component.
 Container
Window:
• The Window class creates a top-level window.
• You won’t create Window objects directly. Instead, you will use a
subclass of Window called Frame.
Frame:
• Frame encapsulates what is commonly thought of as a window.
• It is a subclass of Window and has a title bar, menu bar, borders, and
resizing corners.
 Frame
• You will use it to create child windows.
• Here are two of Frame’s constructors:
Frame( )
Frame(String title)
• The first form creates a standard window that does not contain a title.
• The second form creates a window with the title specified by title.
• Notice that you cannot specify the dimensions of the window.
Instead, you must set the size of the window after it has been
created.
• The default layout for a frame is BorderLayout.
 Frame
• The setSize( ) method is used to set the dimensions of the window.
void setSize(int newWidth, int newHeight)
• The new size of the window is specified by newWidth and newHeight.
• The dimensions are specified in terms of pixels.

• The getSize( ) method is used to obtain the current size of a window.

Dimension getSize( )
• This method returns the current size of the window contained within
the width and height
 Frame
• After a frame window has been created, it will not be visible until you
call setVisible( ).
void setVisible(boolean visibleFlag)
• The component is visible if the argument to this method is true.
Otherwise, it is hidden.

• You can change the title in a frame window using setTitle( ).

void setTitle(String newTitle)
• Here, newTitle is the new title for the window.
 Frame
• There are two ways to create a GUI using Frame in AWT.
1) By extending Frame class (inheritance)
2) By creating the object of Frame class (association)
 Frame
import java.awt.*;
public class DemoFrame extends Frame{
void showFrame()
{
setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
obj.showFrame();
}
}
 Frame
import java.awt.*;
public class DemoFrame extends Frame{
void showFrame()
{
setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
obj.showFrame();
}
}
 Frame
import java.awt.*;
public class DemoFrame extends Frame{
void showFrame()
{
setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setTitle(“DU”);// now frame has title
setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
obj.showFrame();
}
}
 Frame
import java.awt.*;
public class DemoFrame extends Frame{
void showFrame()
{
setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setTitle(“DU”);// now frame has title
setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
obj.showFrame();
}
}
 Frame
import java.awt.*;
public class DemoFrame{
void showFrame()
{
Frame f=new Frame();
f.setSize(300,300);//frame size 300 width and 300 height
setTitle(“DU”);// now frame has title
f.setVisible(true);//now frame will be visible, by default not visible
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
obj.showFrame();
}
}
 AWT Control
• AWT Control Fundamentals.
• Labels
• Push buttons
• Check boxes
• Choice lists
• Lists
• Text Editing
• Canvas
• These controls are subclasses of Component.
• You must add it to the window.
• You must first create an instance of the desired control and then add
it to a window by calling add( ) which is defined by Container.
Component add(Component compRef)
 Labels
• A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a string, which it
displays.
Label( )
Label(String str)
Label(String str, int how)
• The first version creates a blank label.
• The second version creates a label that contains the string specified
by str. This string is left-justified.
• The third version creates a label that contains the string specified by
str using the alignment specified by how.
• The value of how must be one of these three constants: Label.LEFT,
Label.RIGHT, or Label.CENTER.
 Labels
• You can set or change the text in a label by using the setText( )
method. You can obtain the current label by calling getText( ).
void setText(String str)
String getText( )
• For setText( ), str specifies the new label.
• For getText( ), the current label is returned.
• You can set the alignment of the string within the label by calling
setAlignment( ).
void setAlignment(int how)
int getAlignment( )
 Buttons
• A push button is a component that contains a label and that generates
an event when it is pressed. Push buttons are objects of type Button.
Button( )
Button(String str)
• The first version creates an empty button.
• The second creates a button that contains str as a label.
• After a button has been created, you can set its label by calling
setLabel( ).
• You can retrieve its label by calling getLabel( ).
void setLabel(String str)
String getLabel( )
• Here, str becomes the new label for the button.
 Handling Buttons
• Each time a button is pressed, an action event is generated. This is
sent to any listeners that previously registered an interest in receiving
action event notifications from that component.
• Each listener implements the ActionListener interface.
someComponent.addActionListener(instanceOfMyClass);
• That interface defines the actionPerformed( ) method, which is called
when an event occurs.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
...//code that reacts to the action... }
• An ActionEvent object is supplied as the argument to this method. It
contains both a reference to the button that generated the event and
a reference to the action command string associated with the button.
 Buttons
import java.awt.*;
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
import java.awt.event.*;
String str = ae.getActionCommand();
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ActionListener { if(str.equals("Yes")) {

Button yes, no, maybe; msg = "You pressed Yes.";

String msg; }

void showFrame() { else if(str.equals("No")) {

yes = new Button("Yes"); msg = "You pressed No.";
no = new Button("No"); }
maybe = new Button("Undecided"); else {
setLayout(new FlowLayout()); msg = "You pressed Undecided.";
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe); }
yes.addActionListener(this); }
no.addActionListener(this); public static void main(String args[]) {
maybe.addActionListener(this); DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
setSize(300,300); obj.showFrame();
setTitle("DU"); }
setVisible(true); } }
Buttons
 Check Boxes
• A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on or off.
• It consists of a small box that can either contain a check mark or not.
• There is a label associated with each check box that describes what
option the box represents.
• You change the state of a check box by clicking on it.
• Check boxes can be used individually or as part of a group.
Checkbox( )
Checkbox(String str)
Checkbox(String str, boolean on)
Checkbox(String str, boolean on, CheckboxGroup cbGroup)
Checkbox(String str, CheckboxGroup cbGroup, boolean on)
 Check Boxes
• To retrieve the current state of a check box, call getState( ). To set its
state, call setState( ).
• You can obtain the current label associated with a check box by calling
getLabel( ).
• To set the label, call setLabel( ).
boolean getState( )
void setState(boolean on)
String getLabel( )
void setLabel(String str)
• Here, if on is true, the box is checked. If it is false, the box is cleared.
 Handling Check Boxes
• Each time a check box is selected or deselected, an item event is
generated.
• This is sent to any listeners that previously registered an interest in
receiving item event notifications from that component.
• Each listener implements the ItemListener interface.
• That interface defines the itemStateChanged( ) method.
• An ItemEvent object is supplied as the argument to this method.
 Checkbox
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Checkbox yes, no, maybe; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
yes = new Checkbox("Yes"); obj.showFrame();
no = new Checkbox("No"); }
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided"); }
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true) }
 Checkbox
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Checkbox yes, no, maybe; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
yes = new Checkbox("Yes"); obj.showFrame();
no = new Checkbox("No"); }
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided"); }
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU"); java.awt.event.ItemEvent[ITEM_STATE_CHANGED,item=Undecided,
setVisible(true) } stateChange=SELECTED] on checkbox0
 CheckboxGroup
• It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes in which
one and only one check box in the group can be checked at any one
time.
• These check boxes are often called radio buttons.
 CheckboxGroup
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Checkbox yes, no, maybe; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
cbg = new CheckboxGroup(); obj.showFrame();
yes = new Checkbox("Yes", cbg, false); }
no = new Checkbox("No", cbg, false); }
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided", cbg, false);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
 CheckboxGroup
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Checkbox yes, no, maybe; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
cbg = new CheckboxGroup(); obj.showFrame();
yes = new Checkbox("Yes", cbg, false); }
no = new Checkbox("No", cbg, false); }
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided", cbg, false);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300); java.awt.event.ItemEvent[ITEM_STATE_CHANGED,item=Undecided,
setTitle("DU"); stateChange=SELECTED] on checkbox0
 Choice Controls
• The Choice class is used to create a pop-up list of items from which
the user may choose.
• Thus, a Choice control is a form of menu.
• When the user clicks on it, the whole list of choices pops up, and a
new selection can be made.
• Each item in the list is a string that appears as a left-justified label in
the order it is added to the Choice object.
• Choice defines only the default constructor, which creates an empty
list.
 Choice Controls
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Choice chs; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
chs = new Choice(); obj.showFrame();
chs.add("Yes"); }
chs.add("No"); }
chs.add("Maybe");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(chs);
chs.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true)
}
 Choice Controls
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
Choice chs; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
chs = new Choice(); obj.showFrame();
chs.add("Yes"); }
chs.add("No"); }
chs.add("Maybe");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(chs);
chs.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true) java.awt.event.ItemEvent[ITEM_STATE_CHANGED,item=No,
} stateChange=SELECTED] on choice0
 Lists
• The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice, scrolling selection
list.
• Unlike the Choice object, which shows only the single selected item in
the menu, a List object can be constructed to show any number of
choices in the visible window.
• It can also be created to allow multiple selections.

void add(String name)

void add(String name, int index)
• Here, name is the name of the item added to the list. The first form
adds items to the end of the list.
• The second form adds the item at the index specified by index.
Indexing begins at zero.
 Lists
List( )
List(int numRows)
List(int numRows, boolean multipleSelect)
• The first version creates a List control that allows only one item to be
selected at any one time.
• In the second form, the value of numRows specifies the number of
entries in the list that will always be visible (others can be scrolled
into view as needed).
• In the third form, if multipleSelect is true, then the user may select
two or more items at a time. If it is false, then only one item may be
selected
 Lists
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
List chs; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
chs = new List(); obj.showFrame();
chs.add("Yes"); }
chs.add("No"); }
chs.add("Maybe");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(chs);
chs.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true)
}
 Lists
import java.awt.*;
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener{ System.out.println(ae);
List chs; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
chs = new List(); obj.showFrame();
chs.add("Yes"); }
chs.add("No"); }
chs.add("Maybe");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(chs);
chs.addItemListener(this);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true) java.awt.event.ItemEvent[ITEM_STATE_CHANGED,item=1,
} stateChange=SELECTED] on list0
 TextField
• The TextField class implements a single-line text-entry area, usually
called an edit control.
• Text fields allow the user to enter strings and to edit the text using the
arrow keys, cut and paste keys, and mouse selections.
• TextField is a subclass of TextComponent.
TextField( )
TextField(int numChars)
TextField(String str)
TextField(String str, int numChars)
• The first version creates a default text field.
• The second creates a text field that is numChars characters wide.
• The third form initializes the text field with the string contained in str.
• The fourth form initializes a text field and sets its width.
 TextField
• To obtain the string currently contained in the text field, call getText().
• To set the text, call setText( ).
String getText( )
void setText(String str)

• Your program can obtain the currently selected text by calling

getSelectedText( ).
String getSelectedText( )
 TextField
• There may be times when you will want the user to enter text that is
not displayed, such as a password.
• You can disable the echoing of the characters as they are typed by
calling setEchoChar( ).
• This method specifies a single character that the TextField will display
when characters are entered (thus, the actual characters typed will
not be shown)
void setEchoChar(char ch)
 TextField
import java.awt.*;
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ActionListener{ System.out.println(ae);
TextField name, pass; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
Label namep = new Label("Name: ", Label.RIGHT); obj.showFrame();
Label passp = new Label("Password: ", Label.RIGHT); }
name = new TextField(12); }
pass = new TextField(8);
pass.setEchoChar('?');
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(namep); add(name);
add(passp); add(pass);
name.addActionListener(this);
pass.addActionListener(this);
setSize(300,300); setTitle("DU"); setVisible(true); }
 TextField
import java.awt.*;
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
import java.awt.event.*;
{
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ActionListener{ System.out.println(ae);
TextField name, pass; }
void showFrame() public static void main(String args[]) {
{ DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
Label namep = new Label("Name: ", Label.RIGHT); obj.showFrame();
Label passp = new Label("Password: ", Label.RIGHT); }
name = new TextField(12); }
pass = new TextField(8);
pass.setEchoChar('?');
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(namep); add(name);
add(passp); add(pass);
name.addActionListener(this); java.awt.event.ActionEvent[ACTION_PERFORMED,cmd=ram,when=1625545
088170,modifiers=] on textfield0
pass.addActionListener(this);
java.awt.event.ActionEvent[ACTION_PERFORMED,cmd=123,when=1625545
setSize(300,300); setTitle("DU"); setVisible(true); }
097893,modifiers=] on textfield1
 TextArea
• Sometimes a single line of text input is not enough for a given task. To
handle these situations, the AWT includes a simple multiline editor
called TextArea.
TextArea( )
TextArea(int numLines, int numChars)
TextArea(String str)
TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars)
TextArea(String str, int numLines, int numChars, int sBars)
• Here, numLines specifies the height, in lines, of the text area, and
numChars specifies its width, in characters.
• Initial text can be specified by str.
• In the fifth form, you can specify the scroll bars that you want the
control to have. sBars must be one of these values:
• SCROLLBARS_BOTH SCROLLBARS_NONE
 TextArea
import java.awt.*;
public static void main(String args[]) {
import java.awt.event.*;
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements {
obj.showFrame();
TextField name, pass;
}
void showFrame()
}
{
String val =
"Java 8 is the latest version of the most\n" +
"widely-used computer language for Internet programming.\n" +
"Building on a rich heritage, Java has advanced both\n" +
"the art and science of computer language design.\n\n" +
"One of the reasons for Java's ongoing success is its.";
TextArea text = new TextArea(val, 10, 30);
add(text);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true); }
 TextArea
import java.awt.*;
public static void main(String args[]) {
import java.awt.event.*;
DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements {
obj.showFrame();
TextField name, pass;
}
void showFrame()
}
{
String val =
"Java 8 is the latest version of the most\n" +
"widely-used computer language for Internet programming.\n" +
"Building on a rich heritage, Java has advanced both\n" +
"the art and science of computer language design.\n\n" +
"One of the reasons for Java's ongoing success is its.";
TextArea text = new TextArea(val, 10, 30);
add(text);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true); }
 Canvas
• Canvas class controls and represents a blank rectangular area where
the application can draw.
Canvas()
• It constructs a new Canvas.
Canvas(GraphicConfiguration config)
• It constructs a new Canvas with the given Graphic Configuration
object.
void paint(Graphics g)
• It paints the canvas with given Graphics object.
 Scrollbar
• Scrollbar class is used to add horizontal and vertical scrollbar.
• Scrollbar is a GUI component allows us to see invisible number of
rows and columns.
Scrollbar()
• It constructs a new vertical scroll bar.
Scrollbar(int orientation)
• It constructs a new scroll bar with the specified orientation. The
orientation specifiys whether the scrollbar will be horizontal or
vertical
void setOrientation (int orientation)
• It sets the orientation for the scroll bar.
 Scrollbar
import java.awt.*;
setSize(300,300);
import java.awt.event.*;
setTitle("DU");
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener,AdjustmentListener{ setVisible(true); }
Checkbox yes, no, maybe;
void showFrame() { public static void main(String args[]) {
yes = new Checkbox("Yes"); DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
no = new Checkbox("No"); obj.showFrame();
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided"); }
Scrollbar s = new Scrollbar(); }
s.setBounds (100, 100, 50, 100);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
add(s);
s.addAdjustmentListener( this);
 Scrollbar
import java.awt.*;
setSize(300,300);
import java.awt.event.*;
setTitle("DU");
public class DemoFrame extends Frame implements
ItemListener,AdjustmentListener{ setVisible(true); }
Checkbox yes, no, maybe;
void showFrame() { public static void main(String args[]) {
yes = new Checkbox("Yes"); DemoFrame obj=new DemoFrame();
no = new Checkbox("No"); obj.showFrame();
maybe = new Checkbox("Undecided"); }
Scrollbar s = new Scrollbar(); }
s.setBounds (100, 100, 50, 100);
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
add(yes); add(no); add(maybe);
yes.addItemListener(this);
no.addItemListener(this);
maybe.addItemListener(this);
add(s); Vertical Scrollbar value is:0
Vertical Scrollbar value is:1
s.addAdjustmentListener( this);
 Layout Managers
• The LayoutManagers are used to arrange components in a particular
manner.
• LayoutManager is an interface that is implemented by all the classes
of layout managers.
• FlowLayout
• BorderLayout
• GridLayout
• CardLayout
• GridBagLayout
• Each Container object has a layout manager associated with it.
• The layout manager is set by the setLayout() method.
• If no call to setLayout( ) is made, then the default layout manager is
used.
void setLayout(LayoutManager layoutObj)
 Layout Managers
• If you wish to disable the layout manager and position components
manually, pass null for layoutObj.
• If you do this, you will need to determine the shape and position of
each component manually, using the setBounds( ) method defined by
Component.
• public void setBounds(int x, int y, int width, int height)
• This puts the upper left corner at location (x, y), where x the the
number of pixels from the left of the screen and y is is the number
from the top of the screen.
 FlowLayout
• FlowLayout is the default layout manager.
• FlowLayout implements a simple layout style, which is similar to how
words flow in a text editor.
• The direction of the layout is governed by the container’s component
orientation property, which, by default, is left to right, top to bottom.
• A small space is left between each component, above and below, as
well as left and right.
 FlowLayout
• FlowLayout( )
• FlowLayout(int how)
• FlowLayout(int how, int horz, int vert)
• The first form creates the default layout, which centers components
and leaves five pixels of space between each component.
• The second form lets you specify how each line is aligned.
• FlowLayout.LEFT
• FlowLayout.CENTER
• FlowLayout.RIGHT
• FlowLayout.LEADING
• FlowLayout.TRAILING
The third constructor allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical
space left between components in horz and vert, respectively.
void add(Component compRef, Object region)
 FlowLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1, FlowLayout.LEFT);
add(b2, FlowLayout.CENTER);
add(b3, FlowLayout.RIGHT);
add(b4, FlowLayout.LEADING);
add(b5, FlowLayout.TRAILING);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 FlowLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1, FlowLayout.LEFT);
add(b2, FlowLayout.CENTER);
add(b3, FlowLayout.RIGHT);
add(b4, FlowLayout.LEADING);
add(b5, FlowLayout.TRAILING);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 BorderLayout
• The BorderLayout class implements a common layout style for top-
level windows.
• It has four narrow, fixed-width components at the edges and one
large area in the center.
• The four sides are referred to as north, south, east, and west.
• The middle area is called the center.
• BorderLayout( )
• BorderLayout(int horz, int vert)
• The first form creates a default border layout.
• The second allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical space left
between components in horz and vert, respectively.
 BorderLayout
• BorderLayout.CENTER
• BorderLayout.SOUTH
• BorderLayout.EAST
• BorderLayout.WEST
• BorderLayout.NORTH
• The first form creates a default border layout.
• The second allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical space left
between components in horz and vert, respectively.
void add(Component compRef, Object region)
 BorderLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(b2, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
add(b3, BorderLayout.EAST);
add(b4, BorderLayout.WEST);
add(b5, BorderLayout.NORTH);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 BorderLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1, BorderLayout.CENTER);
add(b2, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
add(b3, BorderLayout.EAST);
add(b4, BorderLayout.WEST);
add(b5, BorderLayout.NORTH);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 GridLayout
• GridLayout lays out components in a two-dimensional grid. When you
instantiate a GridLayout, you define the number of rows and columns.
• GridLayout( )
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns)
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns, int horz, int vert)
• The first form creates a single-column grid layout.
• The second form creates a grid layout with the specified number of
rows and columns.
• The third form allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical space
left between components in horz and vert, respectively.
• Either numRows or numColumns can be zero.
• Specifying numRows as zero allows for unlimitedlength columns.
• Specifying numColumns as zero allows for unlimited-length rows.
 GridLayout
• GridLayout lays out components in a two-dimensional grid. When you
instantiate a GridLayout, you define the number of rows and columns.
• GridLayout( )
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns)
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns, int horz, int vert)
• The first form creates a single-column grid layout.
• The second form creates a grid layout with the specified number of
rows and columns.
• The third form allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical space
left between components in horz and vert, respectively.
• Either numRows or numColumns can be zero.
• Specifying numRows as zero allows for unlimitedlength columns.
• Specifying numColumns as zero allows for unlimited-length rows.
 GridLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1);
add(b2);
add(b3);
add(b4);
add(b5);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 GridLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1);
add(b2);
add(b3);
add(b4);
add(b5);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 CardLayout
• The CardLayout class manages the components in such a manner that
only one component is visible at a time.
• It treats each component as a card that is why it is known as
CardLayout.
• CardLayout( )
• CardLayout(int horz, int vert)
• The first form creates a default card layout.
• The second form allows you to specify the horizontal and vertical
space left between components in horz and vert, respectively.
 CardLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new CardLayout(3,3));
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1);
add(b2);
add(b3);
add(b4);
add(b5);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 CardLayout
import java.awt.*;
public class Demo extends Frame {
void showFrame(){
setLayout(new CardLayout(3,3));
Button b1=new Button("1");
Button b2=new Button("2");
Button b3=new Button("3");
Button b4=new Button("4");
Button b5=new Button("5");
add(b1);
add(b2);
add(b3);
add(b4);
add(b5);
setSize(300,300);
setTitle("DU");
setVisible(true);
} public static void main(String args[]) {
Demo obj=new Demo();
obj.showFrame();
 GridBagLayout
• GridBagLayout is one of the most flexible and complex layout
managers the Java platform provides.
• A GridBagLayout places components in a grid of rows and columns,
allowing specified components to span multiple rows or columns.
• Not all rows necessarily have the same height.
• Similarly, not all columns necessarily have the same width.
• Each component associates an instance of GridBagConstraints. With
the help of constraints object we arrange component's display area
on the grid.
• The GridBagConstraints class specifies constraints for components
that are laid out using the GridBagLayout class.
 GridBagLayout
• The Java GridBagLayout class is used to align components vertically,
horizontally or along their baseline.
• GridBagLayout( )
• GridBagLayout defines several methods, of which many are protected
and not for general use.
• There is one method, however, that you must use: setConstraints( ).
• void setConstraints(Component comp, GridBagConstraints cons)
• Here, comp is the component for which the constraints specified by
cons apply.
• This method sets the constraints that apply to each component in the
grid bag.
 GridBagLayout
You can set the following GridBagConstraints instance variables:
 GridBagLayout
gridx, gridy
• Specify the row and column at the upper left of the component. The
leftmost column has address gridx=0 and the top row has address
gridy=0.
• Use GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE (the default value) to specify that
the component be placed just to the right of (for gridx) or just below
(for gridy) the component that was added to the container just before
this component was added.
 GridBagLayout
gridwidth, gridheight
• Specify the number of columns (for gridwidth) or rows (for gridheight)
in the component's display area.
• These constraints specify the number of cells the component uses.
• The default value is 1.
• Use GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER to specify that the component
be the last one in its row (for gridwidth) or column (for gridheight).
• Use GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE to specify that the component be
the next to last one in its row (for gridwidth) or column (for
gridheight).
• GridBagLayout does not allow components to span multiple rows
unless the component is in the leftmost column or you have specified
positive gridx and gridy values for the component.
 GridBagLayout
fill
• Used when the component's display area is larger than the
component's requested size to determine whether and how to resize
the component.
• Valid values (defined as GridBagConstraints constants) include NONE
(the default)
• HORIZONTAL (make the component wide enough to fill its display
area horizontally, but do not change its height)
• VERTICAL (make the component tall enough to fill its display area
vertically, but do not change its width).
• BOTH (make the component fill its display area entirely).
 GridBagLayout
ipadx, ipady
• Specifies the component's internal padding within the layout, how
much to add to the minimum size of the component.
• The width of the component will be at least its minimum width
plus ipadx pixels.
• Similarly, the height of the component will be at least the minimum
height plus ipady pixels.
• The default value is zero.
 GridBagLayout
insets
• Specifies the external padding of the component.
• The minimum amount of space between the component and the
edges of its display area.
• The value is specified as an Insets object.
• By default, each component has no external padding.
 GridBagLayout
anchor
• Used when the component is smaller than its display area to
determine where (within the area) to place the component.
• Specifies where the component should be positioned in its display
area.
• Valid values are CENTER (the default),.
 GridBagLayout
weightx, weighty
• Specifying weights is an art that can have a significant impact on the
appearance of the components.
• Weights are used to determine how to distribute space among
columns (weightx) and among rows (weighty).
• weight is 0.0 (the default)
• weights are specified with 0.0 and 1.0
 GridBagLayout
• GridBagConstraints also defines several static fields that contain
standard constraint. Valid values for ancher are :
• GridBagConstraints.CENTER (the default)
• GridBagConstraints.SOUTH
• GridBagConstraints.EAST
• GridBagConstraints.SOUTHEAST
• GridBagConstraints.NORTH
• GridBagConstraints.SOUTHWEST
• GridBagConstraints.NORTHEAST
• GridBagConstraints.WEST
• GridBagConstraints.NORTHWEST
 GridBagLayout
• GridBagConstraints also defines several static fields that resize the
component. Valid values for fill are :
• GridBagConstraints.BOTH
• GridBagConstraints.NONE (the default)
• GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL
• GridBagConstraints.VERTICAL
• GridBagConstraints also defines some static fields that place the
component. The valid values for gridwidth, gridheight are:
• GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE
• GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER
 GridBagLayout
GridBagConstraints()
• Creates a GridBagConstraint object with all of its fields set to their
default value.
GridBagConstraints(int gridx, int gridy, int gridwidth, int gridheight, double
weightx, double weighty, int anchor, int fill, Insets insets, int ipadx, int ipady)
• Creates a GridBagConstraints object with all of its fields set to the
passed-in arguments.

• https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/layout/gridbag.html
void showFrame(){
GridBagLayout
GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout(); import java.awt.*;
GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14)); import java.awt.event.*;
setLayout(gridbag); public class Demo extends Frame {
c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
c.weightx = 1.0; protected void makebutton(String name,
makebutton("Button1", gridbag, c);
GridBagLayout gridbag,
makebutton("Button2", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button3", gridbag, c); GridBagConstraints c)
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
makebutton("Button4", gridbag, c); {
c.weightx = 0.0; //reset to the default Button button = new
makebutton("Button5", gridbag, c); //another row Button(name);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE; //next-to-last in
row gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
makebutton("Button6", gridbag, c);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row add(button);
makebutton("Button7", gridbag, c); }
c.gridwidth = 1; //reset to the default
c.gridheight = 2;
c.weighty = 1.0;
makebutton("Button8", gridbag, c);
public static void main(String args[]) {
c.weighty = 0.0; //reset to the default Demo obj=new Demo();
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
c.gridheight = 1; //reset to the default obj.showFrame();
makebutton("Button9", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button10", gridbag, c);
void showFrame(){
GridBagLayout
GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout(); import java.awt.*;
GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14)); import java.awt.event.*;
setLayout(gridbag); public class Demo extends Frame {
c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
c.weightx = 1.0; protected void makebutton(String name,
makebutton("Button1", gridbag, c);
GridBagLayout gridbag,
makebutton("Button2", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button3", gridbag, c); GridBagConstraints c)
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
makebutton("Button4", gridbag, c); {
c.weightx = 0.0; //reset to the default Button button = new
makebutton("Button5", gridbag, c); //another row Button(name);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE; //next-to-last in
row gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
makebutton("Button6", gridbag, c);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row add(button);
makebutton("Button7", gridbag, c); }
c.gridwidth = 1; //reset to the default
c.gridheight = 2;
c.weighty = 1.0;
makebutton("Button8", gridbag, c);
public static void main(String args[]) {
c.weighty = 0.0; //reset to the default Demo obj=new Demo();
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
c.gridheight = 1; //reset to the default obj.showFrame();
makebutton("Button9", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button10", gridbag, c);
void showFrame(){
GridBagLayout
GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout(); import java.awt.*;
GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.PLAIN, 14)); import java.awt.event.*;
setLayout(gridbag); public class Demo extends Frame {
c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
c.weightx = 1.0; protected void makebutton(String name,
makebutton("Button1", gridbag, c);
GridBagLayout gridbag,
makebutton("Button2", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button3", gridbag, c); GridBagConstraints c)
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
makebutton("Button4", gridbag, c); {
c.weightx = 0.0; //reset to the default Button button = new
makebutton("Button5", gridbag, c); //another row Button(name);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.RELATIVE; //next-to-last in
row gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
makebutton("Button6", gridbag, c);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row add(button);
makebutton("Button7", gridbag, c); }
c.gridwidth = 1; //reset to the default
c.gridheight = 2;
c.weighty = 1.0;
makebutton("Button8", gridbag, c);
public static void main(String args[]) {
c.weighty = 0.0; //reset to the default Demo obj=new Demo();
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
c.gridheight = 1; //reset to the default obj.showFrame();
makebutton("Button9", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button10", gridbag, c);
 Dialog Container
• A Dialog is a top-level window with a title and a border that is
typically used to take some form of input from the user.
• The default layout for a dialog is BorderLayout.
• A dialog may have another window as its owner when it's
constructed.
• Dialog boxes may be modal or modeless.
• When a modal dialog box is active, all input is directed to it until it is
closed.
• This means that you cannot access other parts of your program until
you have closed the dialog box.
• When a modeless (the default) dialog box is active, input focus can be
directed to another window in your program.
• Thus, other parts of your program remain active and accessible
 Dialog Container
• Dialog(Frame parentWindow, boolean mode)
• Dialog(Frame parentWindow, String title, boolean mode)
• Here, parentWindow is the owner of the dialog box. If mode is true,
the dialog box is modal.
• Otherwise, it is modeless. The title of the dialog box can be passed in
title. Generally, you will subclass Dialog, adding the functionality
required by your application.

• Notice that when the dialog box is closed, we need to call dispose( ).
This method is defined by Window, and it frees all system resources
associated with the dialog box window.
 Dialog Container
import java.awt.*; public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
{
import java.awt.event.*;
Exam.d.dispose();
class Exam extends Frame implements
ActionListener{ }
static Dialog d;
void showFrame(){ public static void main(String args[]) {
add(new Label("this is frame")); Exam obj=new Exam();
d = new Dialog(this , "Dialog Example", obj.showFrame();
true); }
d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() ); }
Button b = new Button ("OK");
b.addActionListener (this);
d.add( new Label ("Click button to
continue."));
d.add(b);
d.setSize(300,300);
d.setVisible(true);
}
 Dialog Container
import java.awt.*; public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
{
import java.awt.event.*;
Exam.d.dispose();
class Exam extends Frame implements
ActionListener{ }
static Dialog d;
void showFrame(){ public static void main(String args[]) {
add(new Label("this is frame")); Exam obj=new Exam();
d = new Dialog(this , "Dialog Example", obj.showFrame();
true); }
d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() ); }
Button b = new Button ("OK");
b.addActionListener (this);
d.add( new Label ("Click button to
continue."));
d.add(b);
d.setSize(300,300);
d.setVisible(true);
}
 ScrollPane
• A container class which implements automatic horizontal and/or
vertical scrolling for a single child component.
• The display policy for the scrollbars can be set to:
SCROLLBARS_AS_NEEDED: scrollbars created and shown only when
needed by scrollpane
SCROLLBARS_ALWAYS: scrollbars created and always shown by the
scrollpane
SCROLLBARS_NEVER: scrollbars never created or shown by the scrollpane
ScrollPane()
• Create a new scrollpane container with a scrollbar display policy of "as
needed".
ScrollPane(int scrollbarDisplayPolicy)
• Create a new scrollpane container.
 ScrollPane
• The initial size of this container is set to 100x100, but can be reset
using setSize().
setScrollPosition(int x, int y)
• Scrolls to the specified position within the child component.
 Swing Containers
• javax.swing package provides classes for java swing components.
• Creation of swing containers and components is very similar to AWT
based Containers and Components.
• Containers
JPanel
JFrame
Jwindow
JDialog
 Swing components
• JButton • Jmenu • JComboBox
• JTextArea • Jpasswordfield • JComponent
• JTextField • JPanel • JDialog
• JCheckBox • JPopupMenu • JTextPane
• JLabel • JProgressBar • JToolBar
• JList • JScrollPane • JTree
 Swings vs AWT
AWT Swing

Platform dependent Platform independent

Heavy weight Light weight

Do not Support plug and feel Support plug and feel

Less number of components Large number of components

A Visual Guide to Swing
Components
JButton

JCheckBox
JList
JComboBox
JTextField

JSlider
JSpinner

JPasswordField

JMenu
JLabel JRadioButton
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 • Top-Level Containers

JApplet JFrame
JDialog

• General-Purpose Containers

JPanel

JScrollPane

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