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Notes 1 1

chapter 1.1

Uploaded by

Tree House
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 Functions and Their Graphs

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


1.1 Rectangular Coordinates

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Objectives
 Plot points in the Cartesian plane.

 Use the Distance Formula to find the distance


between two points.

 Use the Midpoint Formula to find the midpoint of


a line segment.

 Use a coordinate plane to model and solve


real-life problems.
3
The Cartesian Plane

4
The Cartesian Plane
Just as you can represent real numbers by points on a real
number line, you can represent ordered pairs of real
numbers by points in a plane called the rectangular
coordinate system, or the Cartesian plane, named after
the French mathematician René Descartes (1596–1650).

Two real number lines intersecting


at right angles form the Cartesian
plane, as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1
5
The Cartesian Plane
The horizontal real number line is usually called the x-axis,
and the vertical real number line is usually called the
y-axis.

The point of intersection of these two axes is the origin, and


the two axes divide the plane into four parts called
quadrants.

Each point in the plane corresponds to an ordered pair


(x, y) of real numbers x and y, called coordinates of the
point.

6
The Cartesian Plane
The x-coordinate represents the directed distance from
the y-axis to the point, and the y-coordinate represents the
directed distance from the x-axis to the point, as shown in
Figure 1.2.

Directed distance Directed distance


from y-axis (x, y) from x-axis

The notation (x, y) denotes both


a point in the plane and an open
interval on the real number line.
The context will tell you which Figure 1.2
meaning is intended.
7
Example 1 – Plotting Points in the Cartesian Plane

Plot the points (–1, 2), (3, 4), (0, 0), (3, 0), and (–2, –3).

Solution:
To plot the point (–1, 2), imagine a vertical line through –1
on the x-axis and a horizontal line through 2 on the y-axis.
The intersection of these two lines is the point (–1, 2).

Plot the other four points


in a similar way, as
shown in Figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3 8
The Cartesian Plane
The beauty of a rectangular coordinate system is that it
allows you to see relationships between two variables.

It would be difficult to overestimate the importance of


Descartes’s introduction of coordinates in the plane.

Today, his ideas are in common use in virtually every


scientific and business-related field.

9
The Pythagorean Theorem and
the Distance Formula

10
The Pythagorean Theorem and the Distance Formula

The following famous theorem is used extensively


throughout this course.

Figure 1.4
11
The Pythagorean Theorem and the Distance Formula

Suppose you want to determine the distance d between


two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane. These two points
can form a right triangle, as shown in Figure 1.5.

The length of the vertical side


of the triangle is | y2 – y1 | and
the length of the horizontal
side is | x2 – x1 |.

Figure 1.5
12
The Pythagorean Theorem and the Distance Formula

By the Pythagorean Theorem,

d 2 = | x2 – x1 |2 + | y2 – y1 |2

This result is the Distance Formula.

13
Example 3 – Finding a Distance
Find the distance between the points (–2, 1) and (3, 4).

Solution:
Let (x1, y1) = (–2, 1) and (x2, y2) = (3, 4). Then apply the
Distance Formula.

Distance Formula

Substitute for
x1, y1, x2, and y2.

Simplify.

14
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

Simplify.

Use a calculator.

So, the distance between the points is about 5.83 units.

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to check that the distance is


correct.

d 2 ≟ 52 + 32 Pythagorean Theorem

≟ 52 + 32 Substitute for d.

34 = 34 Distance checks.
15
The Midpoint Formula

16
The Midpoint Formula
To find the midpoint of the line segment that joins two
points in a coordinate plane, you can find the average
values of the respective coordinates of the two endpoints
using the Midpoint Formula.

17
Example 5 – Finding a Line Segment’s Midpoint

Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points


(–5, –3) and (9, 3).

Solution:
Let (x1, y1) = (–5, –3) and (x2, y2) = (9, 3).

Midpoint Formula

Substitute for
x1, y1, x2, and y2.

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Example 5 – Solution cont’d

= (2, 0) Simplify.

The midpoint of the line segment is (2, 0), as shown in


Figure 1.7.

Figure 1.7

19
Applications

20
Example 6 – Finding the Length of a Pass

A football quarterback throws a pass from the 28-yard line,


40 yards from the sideline. A wide receiver catches the
pass on the 5-yard line, 20 yards from the same sideline,
as shown in Figure 1.8. How long is the pass?

Figure 1.8
21
Example 6 – Solution
You can find the length of the pass by finding the distance
between the points (40, 28) and (20, 5).

Distance Formula

Substitute for x1,


y1, x2, and y2.
Simplify.

Simplify.

Simplify.

Use a calculator.

So, the pass is about 30 yards long.


22
Applications
In Example 6, the scale along the goal line does not
normally appear on a football field.

However, when you use coordinate geometry to solve


real-life problems, you are free to place the coordinate
system in any way that is convenient for the solution of the
problem.

23

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