I can get a haircut once a month.

I could get a haircut once a month.

I may get a haircut once a month.
I should get a haircut once a month.
I must get a haircut once a month.
I would get a haircut once a month.
They change the mood.
1. 5 rules for modal verbs
RULES (5) FOR MODAL VERBS (I want you to learn them
by heart and understand):

- they don't have infinitives (bezokolicznik - to be, to go, to buy)

- they don't have an ,,s'' in the third person She cans do it.

- you cannot put two modals next to each other in a sentence

I can could go.

- they are followed by a regular verb in the infinitive without to

She can do it! She can to do it. She can doing it.

- they have more than one meaning

CAN (3) COULD (3)
- permission /pə(r)ˈmɪʃən / - polite permission
Can I come with you? Could I ask you a question?

-possibility in the present/future -a slight possibility in the present or future

-/ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti /
If you train hard we can win. That could be Dan at the door.
Taking drugs can kill you. -Yes, I could meet you tomorrow.

- ability /əˈbɪləti/ -for ability in the past

Did you know that I can eat I could swim when I was 6.
10 dumplings in 4 minutes?
I can count to 10 in Korean.
CAN (3) COULD (3)
- permission /pə(r)ˈmɪʃən / - polite permission
Can I come with you? Could I ask you a question?

-possibility in the present/future -a slight possibility in the present or future

-/ˌpɒsəˈbɪləti /
If you train hard we can win. That could be Dan at the door.
Taking drugs can kill you. -Yes, I could meet you tomorrow.

- ability /əˈbɪləti/ -for ability in the past

Did you know that I can eat I could swim when I was 6.
10 dumplings in 4 minutes?
I can count to 10 in Korean.
a) Czy mógłbyś to za mnie napisać?
b) Mogłaby pani chwilę zaczekać?
c) Potrafię prowadzić ciężarówkę, nie potrafiłem tego 4 lata
temu.
MUST (2) SHOULD (2)
- strong obligation /ˌɒbləˈɡeɪʃən / - advice
I must work harder! You should see the doctor.

- logical assumption /əˈsʌmpʃən/ - recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃən/

What's that? Oh that must be the taxi. You should read that book.
MUST (2) SHOULD (2)
- strong obligation /ˌɒbləˈɡeɪʃən / - advice
I must work harder! You should see the doctor.

- logical assumption /əˈsʌmpʃən/ - recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃən/

What's that? Oh that must be the taxi. You should read that book.

a) Nie jadła cały dzień. Na pewno jest głodna

b) Powinieneś zobaczyć ten film.
c) Powinnaś zakuwać. Egzamin jest jutro.
 maybe
MAY (2) it is possible = MIGHT
It will MIGHT (1)
- probability /ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/ - probability <--- very popular
I may buy this guitar . I might be late.

-polite permission /pə(r)ˈmɪʃən / -refuse an offer I am afraid I might not be free

(more polite than can and could) -polite criticism You might want to…
instead of You should study tonight.
May I ask you a question?

•may has a slightly higher level of probability than might;

•mightn't extremely rare;
•may and might in questions  only when asking for permission
May I open the window?
Might I ask a question?
for possibility Do you think he might (may less common) be sleeping?
 maybe
MAY (2) it is possible = MIGHT
It will MIGHT (1)
- probability /ˌprɒbəˈbɪləti/ - probability <--- very popular
I may buy this guitar . I might be late.

-polite permission /pə(r)ˈmɪʃən / -refuse an offer I am afraid I might not be free

(more polite than can and could) -polite criticism You might want to…
instead of You should study tonight.
May I ask you a question?
a) Czy myślisz że John może znać odpowiedź?
b) Może lepiej żebyś porozmawiał z nią.
c) Nie pójdę z wami (be polite).
d) Nie dzwoń do niego on pewnie śpi.

•may has a slightly higher level of probability than might;

•mightn't extremely rare;
•may and might in questions  only when asking for permission
May I open the window?
Might I ask a question?
for possibility Do you think he might (may less common) be sleeping?
 WOULD (2)

polite requests
I would like a glass of water, please.

polite offers
Would you like a piece of banana cake? I made it
myself.

would you mind for permission

Would you mind if I took the afternoon?

conditionals
If I had more time, I would spend it with you.

repetitive actions in the past

When I was a student I would read a book every
week. (I used to do it.)
CAN, CANNOT, COULD, COULDN’T, MUST, MUSTN’T, SHOULD, SHOULDN’T,
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
(a surfer) (a farmer)
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
(a surfer) (a farmer)
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
(a surfer) (a farmer)

Who is worried that it might rain?

Who is worried that it might NOT rain?
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
(a surfer) (a farmer)

Who is worried that it might snow?

Who is worried that it might NOT snow?
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
it’s not good (a surfer) (a farmer)
go skiing
for the go surfing plants to grow
sheep

He wants to…
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
it’s not good (a surfer) (a farmer)
go skiing
for the go surfing plants to grow
sheep

Dan is worried that it might not snow

because he wants to go skiing.
 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
it’s not good (a surfer) (a farmer)
go skiing
for the go surfing plants to grow
sheep

X is worried that… because…

 Sam
Dan
(a sheperd) Kim Pat
(a skier)
(a surfer) (a farmer)
 It MUST be It can’t be It may/might It may/might
true. I am true. I am be true. I not be true. I
sure. sure. don’t know. don’t know.

1. I think there ______ a mistake in your tax return. You should check it.
2. If Suzan said that, it ______ true. She never lies.
3. I'm not sure I trust Peter. He ______ the person we think he is.
4. I'm sure he is here - I can see his car in front of the building.
He _______ be here. I can see his car in front of the building.
 It MUST be It can’t be It may/might It may/might
true. I am true. I am be true. I not be true. I
sure. sure. don’t know. don’t know.

1. They're coming this week but I don't know which day. They ________ be
coming tomorrow.
2. I'm not sure I'm going to pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.
I ______________pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.
3. I've bought a lottery ticket. There's a chance I'll become a millionaire!
I become a millionaire!
 MODAL VERB + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
might've
could've
should've
must've
would've

SPOKEN BUT NEVER WTITTEN--->

may've
coulda
woulda
shoulda
 MIGHT/MAY HAVE
(slightly higher level of probability MAY but most of the time they are interchangable)

•speculate about the past

Why isn't Karen at work? It's half past nine. I don't know. She might/may
have missed her train.
I can't find my keys. I may/might have left them in the kitchen.

•probability in the past that didn't happen -> you have to

use might have
The car came round the corner so fast. I might have been killed.
 MIGHT/MAY HAVE

• To ask a question say

Do you think she might/may have...?
She is not here today. Do you think she might have forgotten the
appointment?

•may/might have (not) been verb ing

They don't know yet why he crashed the car but they say he might
have been drinking.

exercise:
a) Why has she been vomiting? dodgy seafood (suspicious quality)
b) Why is she crying?
 COULD HAVE
•to talk about ability in the past
in some cases similar to may might and sometimes you can use both
I could have become a professional footballer but I broke my leg (you
were capable of doing in the past but didn't happen).

Why isn't he here today? Is he sick? No, not at all. He could have
come but he decided to stay at home and play computer games.

•To offer gentle criticism

You're an hour late. You could have let me know (gentle for stronger
use should have)
 COULD NOT HAVE

•means it definitely didn't happen

might/may possibly not could not have definitely not

Wow, a 100% congratulations, you couldn't have done any

better.
 MUST HAVE
•what you believe is certain (about the past)
Why isn't Karen at work? It's half past nine. She must have missed her train.
(There can't be any other explanation. She is always here.)

Your example:
Last week he was poor but I just saw him driving a brand new
Ferrari.

don't use must have not we use couldn't have to express

negative certainty in the past.
Why isn't he here. He couldn't have forgotten. He never
forgets our reunions.
 I may/might
She MUST He COULDN’T
have left my It may/might
HAVE missed HAVE
keys in the not be true. I
her train. I FORGOTTEN.
car. I am not don’t know.
am sure. I am sure.
sure.

Why isn't he here. He couldn't have forgotten.

He never forgets our reunions.
 SHOULD (not) HAVE

•past mistakes, recommendations and criticism in the

past

Where have you been? You should have been here an hour ago.

You shouldn't have said that to her. She was very upset.
MIGHT HAVE(2) MUST HAVE (1)
- speculate about the past -what you believe is certain (about the past)
Why isn't Karen at work? It's half past nine. It must have been John!
I don't know. She might/may have missed
her train.
-probability in the past that didn't
happen
The car came round the corner so fast. I
might have been killed.

SHOULD HAVE (2) COULD HAVE (2)

-stronger criticism -gentle criticism
You're an hour late. You should have let me You're an hour late. You could have let me kn
know. -for ability in the past
-past mistakes, recommendations I could have won it.
-I should have told her.
 WOULD (NOT) HAVE

•past possibilities and their consequences and how

effects time afterwards

I would have been here an hour ago but I missed my train.

She wouldn't have slapped him if he hadn't been so rude.
1. Name modal verbs you know.
2. 3 different meanings of the
verb can
3. 5 rules for modal verbs
4. 2 meanings of the verb must
5. What’s the role of modal
verbs?

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
OnNAwf-jfgs