Forced Field Analysis

What it does?

How to use it:

Define the objective

Determine criteria/problem
Brainstorm forces
Prioritize forces
Take action
Forced Field Analysis

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 Nominal Group Technique
Developed in 1971

Consensus planning tool

Used for:

Identifying major strengths

Equal opportunity/voice
Increase participation
Reduce errors

Simple Process:
Generate written ideas “individually”.
List ideas on chart.
Rank all the ideas on paper “individually”.
Rank
Most important
 Nominal Group Technique
Diagram
Start
In turn, each participant
Select Session Participants provides a response
which is noted on
flipchart
Present and Discuss Topic

Participants Write Responses

Have all
No
responses
been noted?

Yes
Management & Planning
Tools
Affinity Diagram
Interrelationship Digraph
Tree Diagram
Matrix Diagram
Prioritization Matrices
Process Decision Program Chart
Activity Network Diagram
 Affinity Diagram
What it does?

When to use?

Benefits of using

The Process
State the issue
Brainstorm and post
Sort ideas
Create headings
 Affinity Diagram
What are the issues involved in
missing shipping dates

Not enough Insufficient Engineering

fork trucks training changes

Overcrowded
No place for Shipping turnover
dock
returns

Teams not used

Computer Error on bill of

crashes Inexperienced lading
supervisors
 Affinity Diagram
What are the issues involved in
missing shipping dates

Facilities People System

Overcrowded Insufficient Computer

dock training crashes

No place for Engineering

Teams not used
returns changes

Not enough fork Shipping Errors on bill of

trucks turnover lading

Inexperienced
supervisors
 Affinity Diagram
Example
Interrelationship Digraph

Clarifies interrelationship of many

factors

Classifies cause-and-effect
relationships
The Process:
1) Agree on the issue or question
2) Add a symbol to the diagram
3) Put ideas in a circle
4) Compare elements to others
5) Use arrows
6) Draw arrows from element of
influence
7) Review and revise
8) Determine root causes or drivers
 Interrelationship Diagram
Lack of respect for
others
Unnecessary
packaging
Lack of awareness
of impact

Lack of parental
examples
Inadequate penalties
Outcome

Not enough
receptacles
Questions
Comments
 Tree Diagram
Used to reduce encourage team
members to think creatively, make large
projects manageable and generates a
problem-solving atmosphere.
The Process:
Choose action-oriented objective
statement from “ interrelationship diagram,
brainstorming or team mission statement”.
Choose the major headings.
Analyze the major headings.
For each task node, think of the sub-
tasks that will be required, and add
them to the tree.
 Tree Diagram
Go on-line

Create simple Provide

input system documentation
Create a
workable
process
Do local
evaluation
Streamline
evaluation MGMT
evaluation
Increase
workplace
suggestions Approval
Quick
implementation

Monitor
monthly

Create Provide
Supply cost
capability information
data
 Matrix Diagram
Used to identify, analyze and rate
the relationship among two or more
variables.
Select factors.
Select appropriate format.
Define symbols.
Analyze each cell by inserting the
appropriate symbol.
 Matrix Diagram
Use
Tool Creativity Consensus
Analysis Action
Affinity Diagram
Interrelationship
Tree Diagram
Prioritisation
Matrix Diagram
PDPC
Activity network

Always Frequently Occasionally

 Prioritization Matrix
What it does?
When to use it:

Broad objectives must be broken down

All of the implementation options must
be explored
Assignable tasks must be created
Prioritization Matrix
Process Decision Program
Chart (PDPC)
What it does?
When to use it:
The task is new, unique
The task is complex
The implementation must keep to a
tight schedule
There are problems with a reasonable
chance of happening
 PDPC
The process decision program chart
is a tool for contingency planning.
Helps the user to select the best
processes to be used to accomplish
a desired task
Assists in visualizing the
alternatives
Forward planning
Backward planning
 Process Decision Program
Chart Plan successful
conference

Registration Presentation Facilities

Speakers Audio Too

late fails long
Have
backup
have Use
substitute timekeeper
Use AV
person
Activity Network Diagram
Activity Network Diagram
What it does?
When to use it:
The task is a complex one
The sub tasks are familiar with know
duration
The projects is a critical org. target
Simultaneous implementation paths must be
coordinated
There is little margin for error in the actual
vs. the estimated time of completion
Activity Network Design
Some other versions of this method
PERT chart
Programme evaluation review technique
Arrow Diagram
CPM Chart
Critical Path Method
Quality Control Tools
Cause & Effect (Fish bone)
Flow Chart
Run Chart
Control Chart
Histogram
Pareto Chart
 Cause & Effect Diagram
• A diagram composed of lines and
symbols designed to represent a
meaningful relationship between an
effect and its causes
• Developed by Dr. Kaoruno Ishikawa
and adapted to improving quality by
Dr. W. Edwards
• Often referred to as an Ishikawa
diagram or fishbone diagram
 Flow Charts
A flow chart is a pictorial
representation showing all of the
steps of a process.

A Flowchart is used for:

1. Defining and analyzing processes
2. Building a step-by-step picture of the
process for analysis, discussion, or
communication purposes
3. Defining, standardizing, or finding
areas for improvement in a process
Symbols Used
 Run Chart
Run chart allows teams to study
observed data for trends or
patterns over a specified period of
time.
 Control Chart
A statistical control chart is a
graphic comparison of process
performance data to computed
“statistical control limits,” drawn as
limit lines on the chart.
A statistical tool used to distinguish
between process variation resulting
from common causes and variation
resulting from special causes.
 Control Chart
Benefits
Monitor process variation over time
Differentiate between special cause
and common cause variation
Assess the effectiveness of changes
to improve a process
Communicate how a process
performed during a specific period
 Control Chart
Types of Control charts
Attribute Data
Data that results from counting the
number of occurrences
Variables Data
Displays values resulting from the
measurement of a continuance variable
 Control Chart
Three types of of charts:

X-Bar and R Chart

Individual X and Moving Range Chart
for variables Data
Individual X and Moving Range Chart
for Attribute Data
 Histogram
A histogram is a graphic summary
of variation in a set of data
Basic data analysis tool for
analyzing frequency of occurrence
of items
provides an easy-to-read picture
of the location and variation in a
data set.
 Pareto Chart
Pareto analysis is a ranked
comparison of factors related to a
quality problem
Prioritized bar chart for determining
which problem to work on first.
Arranging data so that the few vital
factors that are causing most of
the problems reveal themselves.
Pareto Chart
 Creativity Tools
Brainwriting 6-3-5 Problem
Classic Reformulation
Brainstorming
Purpose Hierarchy
Imaginary
Brainstorming TILMAG
Knowledge Word Association
mapping and Analogies
Morphological Box
Picture Associations
and Biotechniques