SQL Commands
Insert Command
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3, ...
)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (‘&value1’,’& value2’, ’&value3’, ...);
Update Command
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = value
WHERE (condition);
Delete,Drop and Truncate
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
DROP Table Table_name ;
TRUNCATE TABLE
TABLE_NAME;
Alter command
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME TO new_table_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name
RENAME COLUMN old_name TO new_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD
(Columnname_1 datatype,
Columnname_2 datatype, …Columnname_n
datatype);
Alter command
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
Aggregate Functions
SELECT AVG(column_name), Sum(column_name),
max(column_name), min(column_name),
count(column_name),
FROM table_name WHERE condition;
SQL Operators
• AND
• OR
• LIKE
• IN
• BETWEEN
SQL operator (AND)
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3
...;
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE Country
= 'Spain' AND CustomerName LIKE 'G%';
SQL operator (OR)
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;
SELECT *
FROM Customers
WHERE Country = 'Germany' OR Country
= 'Spain';
SQL Operators (LIKE)
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE '
a%';
SQL Operators (IN)
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2,
...);
SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country IN ('Germany', 'France', '
UK');
SQL Operators (BETWEEN)
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value
2;
SELECT * FROM Products
WHERE Price BETWEEN 10 AND 20;
Note on basic constraints on atrributes:
Primary Key – Unique and not null
Unique key – Unique but accepts not null as well
Not null attribute – Not null but accepts redundant
values
CHECK constraint
CREATE TABLE Employee (
ID int Primay key,
Name varchar(25) NOT NULL,
aadhar int Unique,
Age int CHECK (Age>=18));
Order by and Group by and Having
Clause
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
