Digital Logic &

Design

Lecture 01

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Purpose of Course
Introduces the concept of digital logic, gates and the
digital circuit
 Focuses on the design and analysis of combinational
and sequential circuits
 Familiarizes the student with the logic design of basic
computer hardware components

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Course Outline
(Contents)
 Number Systems
 Logic Gates
 Boolean Algebra
 Combination logic circuits and designs
 Simplification Methods (K-Map, Quinn Mc-Cluskey
method)
 Flip Flops and Latches

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Course Outline
(Contents)
Asynchronous and Synchronous circuits
Shift Registers, Counters, Triggered devices & its types
Mealy machines and Moore machines
 Binary Arithmetic and Arithmetic Circuits
 Memory Elements, State Machines
 Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD, FPGA)
 Lab Assignments using tools such as Verilog
HDL/VHDL, MultiSim.
S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH
VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Text/Reference Books
 Digital Fundamentals by Floyd, 11/e. 2.
 Fundamental of Digital Logic with Verilog Design,
Stephen Brown, 2/e

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Assessment Instrument
with Weights
 Assignments (2) 05%
 Quizzes (2) 05%
 Midterm 22%
 Final term 35%
 Lab 33%
 Total 100%

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Attendance and
Assignment Policy
 Attendance at all lectures is mandatory for all
students
 Students arriving more than 10 minutes late will be
marked as absent
 Late submissions of assignments will incur a penalty
 Plagiarism or copying will result in strict disciplinary
measures

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Analogue versus Digital
 Most quantities in nature are analogue
 Intensity of light
 Gradually increases
 Remains constant during the midday
 Gradually decreases as the sun
 Sudden change in weather result in sharp
decrease/decrease in intensity light but still
continuous and not abrupt

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Analogue versus Digital
Rise and fall in temperature
When heating water, its temperature gradually rises
to 100°C.
Never rises in steps like to 20 degrees, 30 degrees,
etc.
Velocity of a car traveling from A to B
Varies continuously, even during abrupt acceleration
or sudden stops.

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Digital Values
Digital values: Discrete set of values representing a
continuous signal
Continuous signal: Smooth, unbroken wave, like
varying temperatures
Representation process:
 Take snapshots of the continuous signal at regular
intervals
 Convert these snapshots into discrete values
Purpose: Allows computers and digital devices to
process continuous signals

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Continuous Signals
45

40

35

30
temperature0C

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Representing
Continuous Signal
45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature 0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Digital Representation
45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
samples

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Under Sampling
45

40

35

30
C
0
temperature

25

20

15

10

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
samples

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Under Sampling
 Halving samples disrupts signal reconstruction
significantly
 Key features like peaks at 34° are lost with fewer
samples
 More samples improve signal approximation,
capturing details
 Infinite samples theoretically replicate continuous
signal perfectly

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Electronic Processing
Digital values require electronic processing by digital
systems
Two type of digital systems:
I. Analogue Systems
 Process continuous signals
 Continuous quantity has to be converted into electrical or
voltage terms
 Example:
 A continuous signal of 42 degree centigrade would be
represented by 42 milli volts
 signal of 35.73 degree would be represented by 37.73 milli
volts

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Electronic Processing
II. Digital Systems
 Use digital and discrete values
Can discrete values be represented in terms of
voltages?

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
 Representing Digital
Values
39 0C ? Digital
System 39mV

8
b1

b2

b3

b4
1mV = 1
0

0
Vcc1

GND
a1

a2

a3

a4
1

6.25 x 1015 V !!
6.25 x 1018 ?

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Digital Systems
Operate with two voltage levels
 5 volts for logic high (1)
 0 volts for logic low (0)
These states symbolize quantities such as:
Number 0 and 1
Switch: On/Off
Colour: Black/White
Temperature: Hot/Cold
An object: Stationary/Moving
How can we represent multiple values in a digital system?
Combine bits

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Binary Number System
 Digital systems are based on Binary numbers
 A single digit or a bit of binary number system can
represent only two values 0 and 1
 To represent large values, combine bits
 A combination of two bits would allow to
represent 4 different values/ quantities
 Combination of 0s & 1s

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Merits of Digital
Systems
 Efficient Processing & Data Storage
 Efficient & Reliable Transmission
 Detection and Correction of Errors
 Precise & Accurate Reproduction
 Easy Design and Implementation
 Occupy minimum space

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Information Processing
 Numbers
 Text
 Formula and Equations
 Drawings and Pictures
 Sound and Music

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Logic Gates
Building Blocks
AND, OR and NOT Gates
NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Gates
Integrated Circuits (ICs)

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Logic Gate Symbol and
ICs

AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

NAND Gate NOR Gate XOR Gate XNOR Gate

Vcc

13

12

11

10

7400
NAND Gate IC
GND
4

6
1

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Combinational Circuits
 Combination of Logic Gates
 Adder Combinational Circuit

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Adder Combinational
Circuit
Sum

Carry

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Functional Devices
Functional Devices
 Adders
 Comparators
 Encoders/Decoders
 Multiplexers/Demultiplexers

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Sequential Circuits
 Memory Element
 Current & Previous State
 Flip-Flops
 Counters & Registers

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Block Diagram of a
Sequential Circuit
Input 1
a1 b1
5

Output
Combinational
2 6
a2 b2

Logic Circuit

1 5
a1 b1

Memory Element

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Programmable Logic
Devices (PLDs)
 Configurable Hardware
 Combinational Circuits
 Sequential Circuits
 Low chip count
 Lower Cost
 Short development time

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Memory
Used for storage
RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Read-Write
 Volatile
ROM (Read-Only Memory)
 Read-Only
 Non-Volatile

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
A/D & D/A Converters
Processing of Continuous values
Conversion
Analogue to Digital A/D
Digital to Analogue D/A

Industrial Control Application

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Digital Industrial
Control
*/* */*
x1 u1
Digital x1 u1

A/D Controller D/A

Converter Converter

Thermocouple

Reaction
Vessel

Heater
Control
S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH
VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Number Systems and
Codes
Decimal Number System
Caveman Number System
Binary Number System
Hexadecimal Number System
Octal Number System

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Decimal Number
System
Ten unique numbers 0,1..9
Combination of digits is used to form bigger numbers
Positional Number System, as value of each digit corresponds
to the position of that digit in the number
Representing a decimal number in terms of base and weight
 275 = 2 x 10^2 + 7 x 10^1 + 5 x 10^0
 Base or Radix 10
 Weight 1, 10, 100, 1000 ….

As we move towards the left the weight keep on increasing by

a factor of 10

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Representing Fractions
Fractions can also be represented in decimal number
system in a manner
382.91 = 3 x 102 + 8 x 101 + 2 x 100 + 9 x 10-1
+ 1 x 10-2
= 300 + 80 + 2 + 0.9 + 0.01
= 382.91
The power of the first digit that comes immediately after
decimal point is -1 and it keeps on decreasing as we move
towards right

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Caveman Number
System
The archeologists discovered a number system
which has the following 5 unique symbols
∑, ∆, >, Ω and ↑
Base – 5 Number System
Equivalent to 0-4 decimal digits
Find the decimal equivalent of ∆Ω↑∑

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Caveman Number System
Decimal Number Caveman Number Decimal Number Caveman Number

0 ∑ 10 >∑
1 ∆ 11 >∆
2 > 12 >>
3 Ω 13 >Ω
4 ↑ 14 >↑
5 ∆∑ 15 Ω∑
6 ∆∆ 16 Ω∆
7 ∆> 17 Ω>
8 ∆Ω 18 ΩΩ
9 ∆↑ 19 Ω↑

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Caveman Number
System
Mr. Caveman is using a base 5 number system.
Thus the number ∆Ω↑∑ in decimal is
= ∆ x 5 3 + Ω x 5 2 + ↑ x 5 1 + ∑ x 50
= ∆ x 125 + Ω x 25 + ↑ x 5 + ∑ x 1
= (1) x 125 + (3) x 25 + (4) x 5 + (0) x 1
= 125 + 75 + 20 + 0 = 220

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Binary Number System
Two unique numbers 0 and 1
Base – 2
A binary digit is a bit
Combination of bits is used to represent larger
values

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Representing Decimal
Numbers using Binary
Decimal Number Binary Number Decimal Number Binary Number

0 0 10 1010
1 1 11 1011
2 10 12 1100
3 11 13 1101
4 100 14 1110
5 101 15 1111
6 110 16 10000
7 111 17 10001
8 1000 18 10010
9 1001 19 10011

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Combination of Binary
Bits
Combination of Bits
100112 = 1910
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 19

S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH

VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.
Fractions in Binary
Fractions in Binary
1011.1012 = 11.62510
= (1 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20)
+ (1 x 2-1) + (0 x 2-2) + (1 x 2-3)
= (1 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
+ (1 x 1/2) + (0 x 1/4) + (1 x 1/8)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 0 + 0.125
= 11.625
Floating Point Notations
S. BROWN AND Z. VRANESIC, FUNDAMENTALS OF DIGITAL LOGIC WITH
VERILOG DESIGN,PRENTICE-HALL, 2003.