Building Java Programs

Chapter 7
Lecture 7-3: Arrays for Tallying; Text Processing

reading: 4.3, 7.6

Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

 2
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Value/Reference Semantics
Variables of primitive types store values directly:

age 20 cats 3

Values are copied from one variable to another:

cats = age; age 20 cats 20

Variables of object types store references to memory:

index 0 1 2
grades
value 89 78 93

References are copied from one variable to another:

scores = grades; scores
3
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Text processing
reading: 7.2, 4.3

Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education

 String traversals
 The chars in a String can be accessed using the charAt method.
 accepts an int index parameter and returns the char at that index

String food = "cookie";

char firstLetter = food.charAt(0); // 'c'
System.out.println(firstLetter + " is for " + food);

 You can use a for loop to print or examine each character.

String major = "CSE";
for (int i = 0; i < major.length(); i++) { // output:
char c = major.charAt(i); // C
System.out.println(c); // S
} // E

5
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 A multi-counter problem
Problem: Write a method mostFrequentDigit that returns
the digit value that occurs most frequently in a number.

 Example: The number 669260267 contains:

one 0, two 2s, four 6es, one 7, and one 9.
mostFrequentDigit(669260267) returns 6.

 If there is a tie, return the digit with the lower value.

mostFrequentDigit(57135203) returns 3.

6
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 A multi-counter problem
We could declare 10 counter variables ...
int counter0, counter1, counter2, counter3, counter4,
counter5, counter6, counter7, counter8, counter9;

But a better solution is to use an array of size 10.

 The element at index i will store the counter for digit value i.
 Example for 669260267:

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
valu 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 0
e

 How do we build such an array? And how does it help?

7
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Creating an array of tallies
// assume n = 669260267
int[] counts = new int[10];
while (n > 0) {
// pluck off a digit and add to proper counter
int digit = n % 10;
counts[digit]++;
n = n / 10;
}

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
valu 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 0 0
e

8
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Tally solution
// Returns the digit value that occurs most frequently in n.
// Breaks ties by choosing the smaller value.
public static int mostFrequentDigit(int n) {
int[] counts = new int[10];
while (n > 0) {
int digit = n % 10; // pluck off a digit and tally it
counts[digit]++;
n = n / 10;
}
// find the most frequently occurring digit
int bestIndex = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < counts.length; i++) {
if (counts[i] > counts[bestIndex]) {
bestIndex = i;
}
}
return bestIndex;
}

9
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Section attendance question
Read a file of section attendance (see next slide):
yynyyynayayynyyyayanyyyaynayyayyanayyyanyayna
ayyanyyyyayanaayyanayyyananayayaynyayayynynya
yyayaynyyayyanynnyyyayyanayaynannnyyayyayayny
And produce the following output:
Section 1
Student points: [20, 16, 17, 14, 11]
Student grades: [100.0, 80.0, 85.0, 70.0, 55.0]

Section 2
Student points: [16, 19, 14, 14, 8]
Student grades: [80.0, 95.0, 70.0, 70.0, 40.0]

Section 3
Student points: [16, 15, 16, 18, 14]
Student grades: [80.0, 75.0, 80.0, 90.0, 70.0]
• Students earn 3 points for each section attended up to 20.
10
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Section input file
student 123451234512345123451234512345123451234512345
week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
section 1 yynyyynayayynyyyayanyyyaynayyayyanayyyanyayna
section 2 ayyanyyyyayanaayyanayyyananayayaynyayayynynya
section 3 yyayaynyyayyanynnyyyayyanayaynannnyyayyayayny

 Each line represents a section.

 A line consists of 9 weeks' worth of data.
 Each week has 5 characters because there are 5 students.
 Within each week, each character represents one student.
 a means the student was absent (+0 points)
 n means they attended but didn't do the problems (+1 points)
 y means they attended and did the problems (+3 points)

11
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Section attendance answer
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Sections {
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("sections.txt"));
int section = 1;
while (input.hasNextLine()) {
String line = input.nextLine(); // process one section
int[] points = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < line.length(); i++) {
int student = i % 5;
int earned = 0;
if (line.charAt(i) == 'y') { // c == 'y' or 'n' or 'a'
earned = 3;
} else if (line.charAt(i) == 'n') {
earned = 1;
}
points[student] = Math.min(20, points[student] + earned);
}
double[] grades = new double[5];
for (int i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
grades[i] = 100.0 * points[i] / 20.0;
}
System.out.println("Section " + section);
System.out.println("Student points: " + Arrays.toString(points));
System.out.println("Student grades: " + Arrays.toString(grades));
System.out.println();
section++;
}
}
} 12
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Data transformations
 In many problems we transform data between forms.
 Example: digits  count of each digit  most frequent digit
 Often each transformation is computed/stored as an array.
 For structure, a transformation is often put in its own method.

 Sometimes we map between data and array indexes.

 by position (store the i th value we read at index i )
 tally (if input value is i, store it at array index
i)
 explicit mapping (count 'J' at index 0, count 'X' at index
1)

 Exercise: Modify our Sections program to use static methods

that use arrays as parameters and returns. 13
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Array param/return answer
// This program reads a file representing which students attended
// which discussion sections and produces output of the students'
// section attendance and scores.
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
public class Sections2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException {
Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("sections.txt"));
int section = 1;
while (input.hasNextLine()) {
// process one section
String line = input.nextLine();
int[] points = countPoints(line);
double[] grades = computeGrades(points);
results(section, points, grades);
section++;
}
}
// Produces all output about a particular section.
public static void results(int section, int[] points, double[] grades) {
System.out.println("Section " + section);
System.out.println("Student scores: " + Arrays.toString(points));
System.out.println("Student grades: " + Arrays.toString(grades));
System.out.println();
}
...
14
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education
 Array param/return answer
...
// Computes the points earned for each student for a particular section.
public static int[] countPoints(String line) {
int[] points = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < line.length(); i++) {
int student = i % 5;
int earned = 0;
if (line.charAt(i) == 'y') { // c == 'y' or c == 'n'
earned = 3;
} else if (line.charAt(i) == 'n') {
earned = 2;
}
points[student] = Math.min(20, points[student] + earned);
}
return points;
}
// Computes the percentage for each student for a particular section.
public static double[] computeGrades(int[] points) {
double[] grades = new double[5];
for (int i = 0; i < points.length; i++) {
grades[i] = 100.0 * points[i] / 20.0;
}
return grades;
}
}

15
Copyright 2010 by Pearson Education