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Lecture #4

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27 views29 pages

Lecture #4

meowq

Uploaded by

Syed Asad Asif Hashmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CS100:

COMPUTATIONAL
PROBLEM SOLVING
(FALL 2022-23)
Lecture 4
TODAYS TOPICS:

 Broader Picture of Computing


 Number Systems, ASCII code
 Data Types
HELPFUL READINGS:

 Cay Horstmann:
Chapter 1: Section 1.2,1.3
Chapter 2: 2.1,2.3 (partial)
THE BROADER PICTURE
OF COMPUTING
THE ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER –
THE CPU
 The CPU (central processing unit)
 heart of the computer
 executes one operation at a time
 performs program control and data processing

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
THE ANATOMY OF A
COMPUTER – THE CPU
 The CPU
 carries out arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division
 fetches data from external memory or devices
and stores data back.
 All data must travel through the CPU whenever it
is moved from one location to another.

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
THE ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER
– THE STORAGE
 The computer stores data and programs in memory

 Primary memory - memory chips


 Random access memory (RAM) (read-write memory)
 Read-only memory (ROM)
 Secondary storage devices
 disk drives
 CDs

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
THE ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER –
PERIPHERAL DEVICES

 The user is the human using a program that a


programmer wrote.
 The computer transmits information (called output) to the
user through a display screen, speakers, and printers.
 The user can enter information (called input) for the
computer by using a keyboard or a pointing device such
as a mouse.
squeak?

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
THE ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Integer Control Keyboard Mouse
Unit Unit
CD
Floating Point
Unit
Cache

Processor
System Bus
HD
Mem
Bus

RAM/ROM Printer Monitor


THE ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER
SYSTEM

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING
CHARLES BABBAGE (1791-
1871)

Designer of the Analytical Engine -


the very first computer (1833)
JOHN VON NEUMANN

 Developed the stored program


concept
MACHINE CODE

 Computer programs are stored as machine instructions


in a code that depends on the processor type.

 A typical sequence of machine instructions is


 1. Move the contents of memory location 40000
into the CPU.
 2. If that value is > 100, continue with the instruction
that is stored in memory location 11280.

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
MACHINE CODE

 Machine instructions are encoded as numbers so that


they can be stored in memory.
 On a Pentium processor, this sequence of instructions
from the previous slide is encoded as the sequence of
numbers
161 40000 45 100 127 11280

 On a processor from a different manufacturer, the


encoding would be different.

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGES AND THE
ASSEMBLER

 Assembly language represents the machine code


and hence is processor dependent

 The assembler: Converts the low level symbolic


code (assembly language code) to machine
language

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES AND THE
COMPILER
 High-level languages like C++ are independent of
the processor type and hardware. They will work
equally well:
 on an Intel Pentium and a processor
 in a cell phone

 The compiler
 a special computer program, that translates the higher-level
description (a program) into machine instructions for a
particular processor.

C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann


Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
The EVOLUTION of C++
 Ancient history (pre 1972)
 C (1972)
 ANSI Standard C (1989)
 Meanwhile, Bjarne Stroustrup of AT&T adds features of the
language Simula (an object-oriented language designed for
carrying out simulations) to C resulting in:
 C++ (1985)
 ANSI Standard C++ (1998)
 ANSI Standard C++ [revised] (2003)
 The present C++
 a general-purpose language that is in widespread use for
systems and embedded
 the most commonly used language for developing
system software such as databases and operating
systems

… the future: another Standard (2011?)


C++ for Everyone by Cay Horstmann
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved
COMPUTER SOFTWARE:

 System Software:
Controls the computer
Performs the basic operating tasks

 ApplicationSoftware:
Help user to accomplish a specific task
Application Software

System Software

Hardware
SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
Operating systems
 Works as coordinator between
hardware and user software Example:
Opening a word document, screen
display, print, and save.

 Allocates system resources (CPU,


peripherals) Examples: use of key
board, mouse, playing music,
displaying on monitor
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: CONTINUED
Utility Software
 Software that augment the system
software
Example: preparing disks to store
data
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: CONTINUED
Device Driver
 The system software that helps computer
control a peripheral device. Usually supplied
by the vendor of the computer device
Example: DD for mouse, DD for Laser printer
SYSTEM SOFTWARE: CONTINUED
Programming Languages
 Tools to create the Application
Software
APPLICATION SOFTWARE

 Business software
 Productivity software
 Entertainment software
 Educational software
ASCI/ANSII CODE
TABLE
 American Standard Code for Information Exchange (ASCI): 0-
127
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI): 0-255

Code Value Type ASCII ANSII


0-31 Control YES YES
Characters
32-126 Printable YES YES
Characters
127 Control YES YES
Characters
128-159 More Printable NO YES
Characters
160-255 More Printable NO YES
Characters

Thanks to:https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
Thanks to:https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
Number System

ReviseBinary, Decimal and


Hexadecimal System
 Details will be covered in a tutorial
ASCI USAGE EXAMPLE IN C++

 ‘\x’ escape sequence denotes a


hexadecimal ASCI/ANSI code

 cout << ”\x41”; // A will be printed


 cout << ”Hello\x9\x9World”; // Hello World output

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