7b. Media and Information Languages

MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
LANGUAGES
MEDIA CONVENTIONS
These are accepted ways of using
media codes.
Conventions are closely connected to the
audience expectations of a media product.
Different types of conventions include form
conventions, story conventions and
genre conventions.
MEDIA CONVENTIONS
A. Form conventions
These are the certain ways we expect types of
media’s codes to be arranged.
For instance, an audience expects to have a title
of the film at the beginning, and then credits at
the end.
Newspapers will have a masthead, the most
important news on the front page and sports news
on the back page.
Video games usually start with a tutorial to explain
the mechanics of how the game works.
MEDIA CONVENTIONS
B. Story conventions
These are common narrative structures
and understandings that are common in
story telling media products.
Examples of story conventions include:
• Narrative structures – the content of a
story and the form used to tell the story.
• Cause and effect – it has an action
and reaction
MEDIA CONVENTIONS
Examples of story conventions include:
• Character construction – giving the
character a personality, depth and
motivations to propel them through a
story.
• Point of View - the writer's way of
deciding who is telling the story to
whom.
MEDIA CONVENTIONS
C. Genre conventions
It is point to the common use of tropes,
characters, settings, or themes in a
particular type of medium.
Genre conventions are closely linked with
audience expectations.
Genre conventions can be formal or
thematic.
The Grammar of Film: Type
of Shots
Television and film use certain common
conventions often referred to as the
“grammar” of these audiovisual media.
1. Long of Shots
shot (LS). Shot which shows all
or most of a large subject (for
example, a person) and usually much
of the surroundings.
2. Extreme Long Shot (ELS) – see
establishing shot: In this type of shot
the camera is at its furthest distance
from the subject, emphasizing the
background.
Extreme Long
Shot (ELS)
Long Shot (LS)
ofLong
3. Medium Shots
Shot (MLS): In the case
of a standing actor, the lower frame line
cuts off his feet and ankles. Some
documentaries with social themes favor
keeping people in the longer shots,
keeping social circumstances rather
than the individual as the focus of
attention.
Medium Long
Shot
of Shots
4. Full shot – a view of a figure’s entire
body to show action and/or a
constellation group of characters
5. Medium shot, Mid shot and medium
close shot – shows an object down to
his or her chest or waist
Full Shot
Medium shot,
Mid shot
and
Medium close
shot
of Shots
6. Close-Up – a full-screen of a subject’s
face, showing the finest nuances of
expression
7. Extreme Close-Up – a shot of a hand,
eye, mouth, or object in detail
Close-Up – a full-screen of a subject’s face, showing the finest
nuances of expression
Extreme Close-Up – a shot of a hand, eye, mouth, or object in
detail
Point of view
of Shots
1. Establishing shot – often used at the beginning of a
scene to indicate the location or setting, it is usually a long
shot taken from a neutral position
Point of view
of Shots
2. Point-of-view
shot, POV shot –
shows a scene from
the perspective of a
character or one
person. Most
newsreel footages
are shown from the
perspective of the
newscaster.
Point
of of view
Shots
3. Over-the-shoulder
shot – often used in
dialogue scenes, a
frontal view a dialogue
partner from the
perspective of
someone standing
behind and slightly to
the side of the other
partner, so that parts of
both can be seen
Point of view
of Shots
4. Reaction shot –
short shot of a
character's
response to an
action
Point of view
of Shots
5. Insert (shot) – a
detail shot which
quickly gives visual
information
necessary to
understand the
meaning of a scene,
for example a
newspaper page, or
a physical detail
Point of view
of Shots
6. Reverse angle
shot – a shot
from the
opposite
perspective
Point of view
of Shots
7. Hand-held
camera – the
camera is not
mounted on a
tripod and
instead held by
the
cameraperson,
resulting in less
stable shot
Camera angles
of Shots
8. Aerial shot –
long or
extreme long
shot of the
ground from
the air
Camera angles
of Shots
9. High-angle
shot – shows
people or
objects from
above higher
than the eye
level
Camera angles
of Shots
10. Low-angle
shot or below
shot – shows
people or
objects from
below, i.e.,
lower than eye
level
Camera angles
of Shots
11. Eye-level
shot or
Straight-on
angle – views
a subject from
the level of a
person’s eyes
Cameraof movement
Shots
12. Pan – the

camera pans
(moves
horizontally) from
left to right or
vice versa
across the
picture.
Cameraof movement
Shots
13. Tilt – the

camera tilts up
(moves upwards)
or tilts down
(moves
downwards)
around a vertical
line
Cameraof movement
Shots
14. Tracking –
the camera
follows along
next to or
behind a
moving object
or person.
Cameraof movement
Shots
15. Zoom – the
stationary
camera
approaches a
subject by
“zooming in”; or
moves farther
away by
“zooming out”

7b. Media and Information Languages

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MEDIA AND

12. Pan – the

13. Tilt – the

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