GIS is a technology that uses hardware, software, and information management techniques to capture, store, analyze and display spatially-referenced data to improve decision-making. It involves storing geographic data in computer databases and using specialized software tools to manipulate and analyze that data. Key aspects of GIS include its ability to handle spatial data referenced by location, make connections between spatially proximate activities, and support analysis like identifying areas within a given distance of features.
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GIS is a technology that uses hardware, software, and information management techniques to capture, store, analyze and display spatially-referenced data to improve decision-making. It involves storing geographic data in computer databases and using specialized software tools to manipulate and analyze that data. Key aspects of GIS include its ability to handle spatial data referenced by location, make connections between spatially proximate activities, and support analysis like identifying areas within a given distance of features.
GIS is a technology that uses hardware, software, and information management techniques to capture, store, analyze and display spatially-referenced data to improve decision-making. It involves storing geographic data in computer databases and using specialized software tools to manipulate and analyze that data. Key aspects of GIS include its ability to handle spatial data referenced by location, make connections between spatially proximate activities, and support analysis like identifying areas within a given distance of features.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
GIS is a technology that uses hardware, software, and information management techniques to capture, store, analyze and display spatially-referenced data to improve decision-making. It involves storing geographic data in computer databases and using specialized software tools to manipulate and analyze that data. Key aspects of GIS include its ability to handle spatial data referenced by location, make connections between spatially proximate activities, and support analysis like identifying areas within a given distance of features.
Copyright:
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What is GIS?
A technology hardware & software tools
An information handling strategy The objective: to improve overall decision making
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GIS: a formal definition
A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software 2
GIS definition a special case of information system where the database consists of observation son spatially distributed features, activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines or area. A geographic information systems manipulates data about these points, lines and areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses
Why is GIS unique?
GIS handles SPATIAL information Information referenced by its location in space
GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity
GIS concepts are not new!
London cholera epidemic 1854 Soho
+ Cholera death Water pump
GIS: historical background
This technology has developed from: Digital cartography and CAD Data Base Management Systems 1 2 3
ID 1 2 3
X,Y
ID ATTRIB 1 2 3
CAD System
Data Base Management System
6
Digital Mapping Computer Aided Design
Photogrammetry
GIS Databases Remote Sensing Surveying
Cross-disciplinary nature of GIS
GIS components Spatial data
GIS
Computer hardware / Specific applications / software tools decision making objectives
Location Description: Kingston University,PenrhynRoad Centre Post Code: KT1 2EE Grid Reference: 518106.72 168530.37 Latitude/Longitude: 0 21 55.38W, 49 36 17.62N
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Characteristics of spatial data
Geometry The shape of a building or county The course of a river, the route of a road The shape of the landscape, relief
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Characteristics of spatial data
Topology
Connected to Within Adjacent to North of . . .
Within the Royal Borough of Kingston-upon-Thames Opposite the Surrey County Council building North of Surbiton station Adjacent to Penrhyn Road
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Spatial Data: examples
Socio-economic data Regional health data Consumer / lifestyle profiles Geodemographics
Environmental data Topographic data Thematic data, soils, geology 13
Data Modelling - step 1
Features Buildings Road centrelines Lamp columns Gas pipes CTV Access covers Road surfaces 14
Data Modelling - step 2
Point Line Polygon
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Data Modelling - step 3
Feature : Object: Entity:
Building Polygon Tourist Information Bureau
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Attributes Name : Address: Town: Owner: Tel. No: Floor space Next 5 Market Place Kingston Ms J Shore 0181 547 1245 1300 sq m
17
Spatial data storage
7,10
Vector model
10 4,7 1,6 5 2,5 line point
5,9 9,8 polygon 8,6 6,6 5,4
as geometric objects: points, lines, polygons
2,2
4,1
10
Raster model
as image files composed of grid-cells (pixels)
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Spatial data storage model
important in determining the potential applications of the system model may also affect the type of analysis work that can be achieved hybrid approach to storing graphical and attribute information Attribute information often stored within standard relational database Graphical information is stored in a proprietary file system optimised tools for data handling although non-standard proprietary system will be difficult to integrate with other systems, it will tend to be very efficient at handling large graphics files.
Vector data model
advantage of the vector data format: allows precise representation of points, boundaries, and linear features. useful for analysis tasks that require accurate positioning, for defining spatial relationship (ie the connectivity and adjacency) between coverage features (topology), important for such purposes as network analysis (for example to find an optimal path between two nodes in a complex transport network)
main disadvantage of vector data is that the boundaries of the resulting map polygons are discrete (enclosed by well-defined boundary lines), whereas in reality the map polygons may represent continuous gradation or gradual change, as in soil maps.
Raster data model
good for representing indistinct boundaries thematic information on soil types, soil moisture, vegetation, ground temperatures
as reconnaissance satellites and aerial surveys use raster-based scanners, the information (ie scanned images) can be directly incorporated into GIS the higher the grid resolution, the larger the data file is going to be
Modelling the real world
y
1 1 20 50 1 2 24 45 1 3 52 55 2 1 0 45 46 40 ...
0 2 1 0 0 0 1
00 00 00 10 00 22 ...
0 0 0 0 2 2
00 00 02 00 00 022
0 0 0 0 0
Vector data
Land use parcels
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Raster data
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Manipulation and analysis
What would happen if . . . A chemical leaked into a river? Where does . . . The Green Belt exist in relation to the City? Has . . . Population changed over the last ten years? Is there a spatial pattern related to . . . Car ownership in our area? 25
Databases & GIS
Spatial data
At a simple level a GIS may just form the graphical interface to a database The majority of GIS applications follow this example
MapInfo
Linked database table
SQL Query Manager
Geo-relational Data Models
Linked tables based on the relational model, but storing geographical information such as: Geometry Topology Attributes
GIS & Analysis
In the context of GIS, analysis is... Deriving new information from existing data It is also the manipulation of data to solve a problem e.g. identify all areas within 500m of a lake Increasing use is made of the analytical capabilities of GIS, BUT many GIS projects only use the software to store and manage geographical data Yet analysis often relies on many simple basic GIS techniques
Simple Query The identification of objects and their attributes either by location or attribute query.
MapInfo
Buffering Creation of an area of interest around an object proximity analysis and environmental impact assessment.
MapInfo
Cookie Cutting Overlay of datasets using one dataset as a sieve or cookie cutter to select a subset of the other dataset.
MapInfo
Overlays Layer: A thematic plane of GIS features containing geographically and logically related data
Overlaying involves superimposing two or more map layers to produce a new map layer. Example: a new genetically engineered variety of wheat grows well in dry environments, with long growing seasons and alkaline soils. Given the availability of data on the length of the growing season, moisture regime and soil alkalinity, where is the best place to plant the wheat? overlaying (superimposing) several maps showing (separately) water-budget, growing season length, soil pH, sodium content, and so on. The GIS analysis can establish the locations where all the favorable soil conditions coincide, as the places where the wheat will grow best.
The benefits of GIS include:
Better information management Higher quality analysis Ability to carry out what if? scenarios Improve project efficiency 35
GIS Applications Facilities management Marketing and retailing Environmental Transport/vehicle routing Health Insurance and many more . . . 36
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