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Bonding

Chemistry grade 9

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8 views34 pages

Bonding

Chemistry grade 9

Uploaded by

kimmy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BONDING

Objective
1. Formation of Ions
2. Ionic Bonding
3. Covalent Bonding
4. Metallic Bonding
Why do
elements form
bonds?
Structure and Bonding
✓ Group 0 or group 8 elements have full outer
shell of electrons.
✓ They are stable and unreactive.
✓ Exist in nature as individual atoms.
✓ All other elements do not have complete
outer shell, therefore unstable.
Structure and Bonding
Unstable elements (Group I-VII) attempt to
gain full outer shells and become stable by:
1. losing electrons from their outer shell, or
2. gaining electrons into their outer shell, or
3. sharing electrons in their outer shell with
other atoms.
➢ Atoms therefore form bonds with each other.
➢ Ionic bonding
➢ Covalent bonding
Important
➢ Chemical bond – the force of attraction between
combining atoms.
Definition
➢ Valence electron – electrons in the outer electron shell
of an atom.
➢ Ions – charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons.
➢ Molecules – particles formed when atoms combine by
sharing electrons.
➢ Noble gases – stable elements found in Group 0
VALENCE ELECTRONS AND
VALENCY
Valence electron – electrons in the outer
electron shell.
Valency- this is the number of bonds an atom
can form when bonding with another atom.

The valence electrons is the same as the group


number of the element.
Eg Na is in group 1 therefore it has 1 valence electron
VALENCE ELECTRONS
● How many valence electrons does the following
elements have?
1.Carbon
2.Aluminium
3.Nitrogen
4.Potassium
5.Magnesium
Ionic Bonding
Definition: attractive forces that hold
oppositely charged ions together in ionic
compounds.
● They are formed when a metal reacts chemically with
a non-metal.
●This involves the losing and gaining of electrons.
Eg. NaCl
Losing and Gaining Electrons

Metal atoms containing 1,


2, or 3 valence electrons
tend to lose their
Losing and Gaining Electrons

When these metals lose


electrons to obtain full outer
shells, they form positively
charged ions called CATIONS.
Losing and Gaining Electrons

The charge on the cation is the


same as the group number.
Losing and Gaining Electrons

➢ Some non-metal atoms with 5, 6,


or 7 valence electrons may gain a
number of electrons to fill their
valence shell.
Losing and Gaining Electrons

When non-metal atoms with 5, 6,


or 7 valence electrons gain a
number of electrons to fill their
valence shell they form negatively
charged ions called ANIONS.
The charge on the anion is 8-group
number.
REPRESENTING IONIC BONDING USING DOT-CROSS
DIAGRAMS
Ionic Bonding
sodium chloride
lithium oxide
aluminium fluoride
✓ Aluminum oxide
✓ Magnesium fluoride
✓ Potassium nitride, aluminium sulphide, calcium oxide, calcium bromid
sodium phosphide, beryllium chloride.
Properties of Ionic Compounds
➢ Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. Their properties
include:
✓ are hard, brittle crystalline solid;
✓ have high melting point and heat of fusion;
✓ Conduct electricity well when molten or dissolve in
water;
✓ do not conduct electricity in the solid state;
✓ (most) dissolve readily in water;
✓ react readily with each other in water.
Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Formed when atoms of non-metals combine with one
another.
➢ The non metal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
➢ This happens so that each atom appears to have the EC of
the nearest noble gas in the PT.
➢ Each pair of shared electrons will constitute a covalent
bond.
➢ The terms` single, double and triple bond is used to
Covalent Bonding
➢ When non-metals share electrons, the
compound formed is called a molecule.
➢ The attraction between the nuclei of the
atoms and the shared pairs of electrons
provide the binding force which holds the
atoms together.
Covalent Bonds between atoms
of the same element
Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
Fluorine Molecule: Single Bond element
➢ Each fluorine atom contains unpaired electrons
➢ These isolated electrons form a pair of shared electrons in the
fluorine molecule.
➢ The shared electron pair represents a single covalent bond.
➢ Each fluorine atom in a fluorine molecule contains 3 lone pairs.

Lone pairs (non-bonding pairs) are pairs of electrons found in


molecule that are not involved in the formation of simple covalent
Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
element
Oxygen Molecule: Double Bond
➢ Each isolated oxygen atom contain 2 unpaired electrons.
➢ These isolated electrons form 2 pairs of shared electron
in the oxygen molecule.
➢ The 2 shared electron pairs represent 2 covalent bonds
(double bond).
➢ Each oxygen atom in an oxygen molecule contains 2
lone pairs
Covalent Bonds between atoms of the same
element
Nitrogen molecule: Triple Bond
➢ Each isolated nitrogen atom contains 3 unpaired
electrons.
➢ These isolated electrons for 3 pairs of shared electrons
in the nitrogen molecule.
➢ The 3 shared electron pairs represent 3 covalent bonds
(triple bond).
➢ Each nitrogen atom in a nitrogen molecule contains one
Covalent Bonds between atoms of the
different element
Some covalent molecules formed between
different atoms:
➢ Water, H2O
➢ Ammonia, NH3
➢ Methane, CH4
➢ Carbon dioxide, CO2
Properties of Covalent Compounds
➔ Most covalent compounds have relatively low melting
points and boiling points.

➔ Covalent compounds usually have lower heat of fusion


and vaporization than ionic compounds.

➔ Covalent compounds tend to be soft.

➔ Most covalent compounds don't conduct electricity.

➔ Many covalent compounds don't dissolve well in water.


Metallic Bonding
➢ These are formed within metal atoms.

➢ The valence electrons leave the atoms, which then form


positive ions (cations).

➢ These electrons are mobile; they flow through spaces


between the positive ions.
Metallic Bonding
➢ Metals can be
viewed as orderly
arrangements of
positive ions held
together in a ‘sea’
of freely moving
electrons.

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