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Introduction To Turing Machines

Turing Machines

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19 views

Introduction To Turing Machines

Turing Machines

Uploaded by

rudrarajsinhrathod851
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Turing Machines
Turing machines are theoretical computational devices that
serve as the foundation for understanding the limits and
capabilities of computers. They provide a simple yet powerful
model for exploring the fundamental concepts of algorithm
design and computational complexity.
by Rudra IU2141050182
Aslan IU2141050166
Riken IU2141050176
Formal Definition of a
Turing Machine
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that
consists of a tape, a read/write head, and a control unit. The
tape is divided into cells, each capable of storing a single symbol
from a finite alphabet. The control unit follows a set of rules,
called the transition function, to determine the machine's next
action based on the current state and the symbol under the
read/write head.
Tape and Tape Alphabet
The Turing machine operates on an infinitely long tape divided
into discrete cells. Each cell can hold a single symbol from a
finite set called the tape alphabet. The tape serves as the
machine's storage, allowing it to read, write, and manipulate
data as it computes.
The tape alphabet is a crucial component of the Turing machine,
defining the set of symbols the machine can work with. It
typically includes the blank symbol, as well as a finite number of
other symbols that the machine can recognize and manipulate.
Transition Function
The transition function is a central component of a Turing machine. It specifies how the
machine should transition from one state to another based on the current state and the
symbol currently under the read/write head. This function maps the current state and input
symbol to a new state, an output symbol, and a direction to move the head.
Initial State and Accepting States
A Turing machine has a designated initial
state that represents the starting point of
the computation. It also has one or more
accepting states that signify the
successful completion of the computation.

The initial state is where the machine


begins processing the input, while the
accepting states are the desired outcome.
The machine halts and accepts the input if
it reaches an accepting state.
Deterministic and Non-
Deterministic Turing Machines
Deterministic Turing Machines 1
In a deterministic Turing machine,
each computational step is
uniquely defined by the current 2 Non-Deterministic
state and the symbol read on the Turing Machines
tape. This ensures a single, Non-deterministic Turing
predictable sequence of actions. machines can have multiple
possible next steps for a given
Computational Power 3 state and tape symbol. This
Deterministic Turing machines are introduces an element of choice,
equivalent in computational allowing the machine to "guess"
power to non-deterministic Turing the correct path.
machines, as any non-
deterministic machine can be
simulated by a deterministic one,
albeit with a potential increase in
complexity.
Turing Machine Computations
Input Tape Transition Step-by-Step Halting
Function Execution Condition
A Turing machine
operates on an The transition The Turing The computation
infinite tape function defines machine executes continues until
divided into the rules that the its computation the machine
discrete cells. The machine follows by reading the reaches a halting
tape serves as to transition from current tape state, indicating
the machine's one state to the symbol, changing that the input has
input, where the next, based on its internal state, been processed
information to be the current state writing a new and the machine
processed is and the symbol symbol to the has finished its
initially stored. read from the tape, and moving task.
tape. the tape head left
or right.
Decidability and Undecidability

1 Decidable Problems 2 Undecidable Problems


Problems for which there exists an Problems that cannot be solved by
effective algorithm to determine the any Turing machine are called
answer are called decidable undecidable problems. The most
problems. These can be solved by famous example is the Halting
Turing machines in a finite amount of Problem, which asks whether a given
time. Turing machine will halt or run
forever on a given input.

3 Reductions 4 Implications
Undecidable problems can be shown The existence of undecidable
by reducing them to other known problems has profound implications
undecidable problems. This technique for the limits of computation and the
establishes that if a problem is foundations of mathematics. It
undecidable, then any problem that highlights the inherent limitations of
can be transformed into it is also Turing machines and computational
undecidable. models.
Halting Problem and Its Implications
Undecidable
1 Halting problem is undecidable

Universal Turing Machines


2
Can simulate any Turing machine

Diagonalization Argument
3
Proof of undecidability

The halting problem asks whether a given Turing machine will halt or run forever on a given
input. This problem is proven to be undecidable using the diagonalization argument. This
has deep implications, as it shows the fundamental limitations of computation - there are
problems that cannot be solved by any Turing machine, no matter how powerful.
Practical Applications of Turing
Machines

Computer Cryptography Biological Artificial


Programming Modeling Intelligence
Turing machines
Turing machines are used to model Turing machines The Turing machine
form the cryptographic have been used to concept has been
theoretical systems, helping model biological instrumental in the
foundation of analyze their processes, such as development of
computer security and DNA replication artificial
programming, develop new and protein folding, intelligence,
serving as the encryption providing insights serving as a
basis for the design techniques. into the framework for
and analysis of fundamental understanding the
algorithms and mechanisms of life. capabilities and
programming limitations of

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