PRACTICAL RESEARCH2

LESSON 3
SOURCES OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND STUDIES
EDITHA DE CASTRO-CUADRA
PROFESSOR
• A Variable is anything that has a
quantity or quality that varies. For
instance, during the quarantine period,
your mother planted tomato seedlings
in pots. Now common understanding
from science tells you that several
factors are affecting the growth of
tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil,
and nutrients in soil. How fast the
tomato seedlings will grow and bear
fruits will depend on these factors.
•The growth of tomatoes and
the number of fruits produced
are examples of the
Dependent Variables. The
amount of sunlight, water, and
nutrients in the soil are the
Independent Variables.
• . If there is an existing relationship between the
independent and dependent variables, then the
value of the dependent variable varies in response
to the manipulation done on the independent
variable. The independent variable is also
identified as the presumed cause while the
dependent variable is the presumed effect. In an
experimental quantitative design, the independent
variable is pre-defined and manipulated by the
researcher while the dependent variable is
observed and measured. For descriptive,
correlational, and ex post facto quantitative
research designs, independent and dependent
variables simply do not apply.
• It is important to note other factors
that may influence the outcome
(dependent variable) not
manipulated or pre-defined by the
researcher. These factors are called
Extraneous Variables. In our
example above, the presence of
pests and environmental stressors
(e.g. pets, extreme weather) are the
extraneous variables.
•Since extraneous variables
may affect the result of the
experiment, it is crucial for
the researcher to identify
them prior to conducting the
experiment and control them
in such a way that they do
not threaten the internal
validity (i.e. accurate
•Controlling the extraneous
variable can be done by
holding it constant or
distribute its effect across
the treatment. When the
researcher fails to control the
extraneous variable that it
caused considerable effect to
the outcome, the extraneous
variable becomes a
• For example, if the tomato had been
infested by pests (confounding
variable) then you cannot conclude
that manipulations in sunlight,
water, and soil nutrients
(independent variable) are the only
contributing factors for the stunted
growth and poor yield (dependent
variable) of the plant or is it the
result of both the independent
variables and the confounding
variable.
•I. Quantitative Variables, also
called numerical variables, are
the type of variables used in
quantitative research because
they are numeric and can be
measured. Under this category
are discrete and continuous
variables
•A. Discrete variables are
countable whole numbers. It
does not take negative values
or values between fixed
points. For example: number
of students in a class, group
size and frequency.
•B. Continuous variables
take fractional (non-whole
number) values that can
either be a positive or a
negative. Example:
height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of
• A. Intervals are quantitative variables
measurement, namely:
where the interval or differences
between consecutive values are equal
and meaningful, but the numbers are
arbitrary. For example, the difference
between 36 degrees and 37 degrees is
the same as between 100 degrees and
101 degrees. The zero point does not
suggest the absence of a property being
measured. Temperature at 0 degree
Celsius is assigned as the melting point
of ice. Other examples of interval data
Numerical data have two levels of
•B. Ratio
measurement, namely:
type of data is
similar to interval. The only
difference is the presence of
a true zero value. The zero
point in this scale indicates
the absence of the quantity
being measured. Examples
are age, height, weight, and
•II. Qualitative Variables
also referred to as
Categorical Variables
are not expressed in
numbers but are
descriptions or
categories. It can be
further divided into
•A. Dichotomous
variable consists of
only two distinct
categories or values,
for example, a
response to a
question either be a
defines groups of subjects. In
here, you may have more than 2
categories of equivalent
magnitude. For example, a
basketball player’s number is
used to distinguish him from
other players. It certainly does
not follow that player 10 is
better than player 8. Other
examples are blood type, hair
color and mode of
• C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself,
denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain
order. This variable can have a qualitative or
quantitative attribute.
• For example, a survey questionnaire may have a
numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4,
5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or
categorical rating like strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other
examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage
(Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with
honors).
 What I Have Learned
Directions: Explain briefly what is being
asked for.
1. Compare and contrast qualitative
variables and quantitative variables.
2. Why are dependent and independent
variables not applicable in a descriptive
type of research?
3. How important is it for the researcher to
identify the type of variables used in the
study?
4. How does confounding
variable affect the validity
of the study?
5. When do we use
discrete, continuous,
nominal, ordinal?
 Assessment: (Post-Test) Directions: Read and analyze the
statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the importance of
Quantitative Research?
A. helps educators identify ways to improve learning
B. helps improve crop production using safe organic fertilizers
C. helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe and effective medicines
D. helps understand victims of domestic violence perception of
satisfaction
2. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative
research?
A. The results taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
B. It provides an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
C. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
D. Statistical analysis of numerical data.
23 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1
3. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?
A. The treatment group C. The control group
B. The participant group D. The experimental group
4. Which of the following research questions could be answered by using
quantitative research methods?
A. What is the most popular social media platform used by Senior High
School students?
B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affects career choices among
college students?
C. What are the factors affecting depressive behavior?
D. None of the above.
5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
A. Speedy data analysis
B. Less expensive
C. Replicable
D. Objective
6. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?
A. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked
and the choices given.
B. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
C. Data gathering takes too much time.
D. There is low degree of subjectivity.
For items 7 and 8, identify whether the given research topic is:
A. Correlational C. Descriptive
B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental
7. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and
students
on the online and modular blended learning.
8. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN franchise to the average
daily
time watching television of housewives.
9. Which type of quantitative research seeks to determine relationship of
one
characteristic to the other characteristic?
A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
B. Experimental D. Descriptive
For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:
A. Always true C. Never true
B. Sometimes true D. Cannot be identified
10 Dependent variables can be manipulated.
11. The independent and dependent variables are
applicable to ALL quantitative
studies.
24 CO_Q1_Practical Research 2_Module 1
12. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.
13. A group of students would like to know if spending time with a cat or dog
decreases the amount of stress and allows students to perform better on
tests. Which of the following is an extraneous variable?
A. Student’s feeling towards the cat or dog
B. Amount of time spent with a cat or dog
C. Test scores of students
D. Amount of stress
14. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
A. Learning modality used
B. Student’s test score
C. Student’s height
D. Student’s IQ
15. A famous vlogger wanted to know if changing the content of his vlogs (food
review, travel, study tips, etc.) will affect the number of views per uploaded
video. The number of views per uploaded video is the:
A. Confounding variable
B. Independent variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Continuous variable
What I Know(Pre test)
Directions: Read and analyze the statements below. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

• 1. Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

• A. Its results are taken from a sample can be generalized to the population.
• B. It delivers an in-depth understanding of the problem or study.
• C. It provides a more credible and reliable result.
• D. It involves statistical analysis of numerical data.
• 2. In an experiment, which group does not receive intervention?
• A. The treatment group C. The control group
• B. The participant group D. The experimental group
• 3. Which of the following research questions could be answered by using quantitative
• research methods?
• A. What is the most popular social media platform used by Senior High School
• students?
• B. How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected career choices among college
• students?
• C. What are the factors affecting depressive behavior?
• D. None of the above.
• 4. Which statement below illustrates a weakness of quantitative research?
• A. The responses of the participants are limited to what has been asked and the
• choices given.
• B. The researcher's perspective can influence interpretation of results.
• C. Data gathering takes too much time.
• D. There is low degree of subjectivity.
• 5. Which of the following is NOT a strength of quantitative research?
• A. Speedy data analysis
• B. Less expensive
• C. Replicable
• D. Objective
• For items 6 and 7, identify whhether the given research topic is: A. Correlational C. Descriptive B. Quasi- experimental D. Experimental
• 6. Determination of the degree of satisfaction of parents, teachers, and students on the
• online and modular blended learning
• 7. The effects of non-renewal of the ABS-CBN franchise to the average television viewing
• time of housewives
• 8. Which type of quantitative research seeks to determine relationship of one characteristic
• to the other?
• A. Correlational C. Ex-post facto
• B. Experimental D. Descriptive
• 9. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the importance of Quantitative
• Research?
• A. It helps educators identify ways to improve learning
• B. It helps improve crop production using safe organic fertilizers
• C. It helps pharmaceutical companies explore safe and effective medicines
• D. It helps understand victims of domestic violence perception of satisfaction
• For items 10 to 12, determine if the statement is:
• A. Always true C. Never true
• B. Sometimes true D. Cannot be identified
• 10. A nominal variable is expressed in numbers.
• 11. The independent and dependent variables are applicable
to ALL quantitative studies.
• 12. Dependent variables can be manipulated.
• 13. A group of students would like to know if spending time with a cat or dog decreases
• the amount of stress and allows students to perform better on tests. Which of the
• following is an extraneous variable?
• A. Student’s feeling towards the cat or dog
• B. Amount of time spent with a cat or dog
• C. Test scores of students
• D. Amount of stress
• 14. A famous vlogger wanted to know if changing the content of his vlogs (food review,
• travel, study tips, etc.) will affect the number of views per uploaded video. The number
• of views per uploaded video is the:
• A. Confounding variable
• B. Independent variable
• C. Dependent variable
• D. Continuous variable
• 15. Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?
• A. Learning modality used
• B. Student’s test score
• C. Student’s height
• D. Student’s IQ
•Thank you