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Lecture-30 Motional EMFs

Motional EMFs presentation from course Electromagnetic Field Theory

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Aized Soban
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12 views17 pages

Lecture-30 Motional EMFs

Motional EMFs presentation from course Electromagnetic Field Theory

Uploaded by

Aized Soban
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TIME VARYING FIELDS

AND MOTIONAL EMF


Time Varying Fields
Until now, we have restricted our discussions to static, or
time invariant Electric and Magnetic fields

Next, we shall examine situations where electric and


magnetic fields are dynamic, or time varying

It should be mentioned first that in static EM fields, electric


and magnetic fields are independent of each other

Whereas in dynamic EM fields, the two fields are


interdependent

 In other words, a time-varying electric field necessarily involves a


corresponding time-varying magnetic field
Time Varying Fields

Time-varying EM fields, represented by E(x, y, z, t) and H(x,


y, z, t), are of more practical value than static EM fields

Time-varying fields or waves are usually due to accelerated


charges or time-varying currents such as sine or square
waves

Any pulsating current will produce radiation (time-varying


fields)
Time Varying Fields
Figure below shows examples of accelerated charges or
time-varying currents
Time Varying Fields
It is worth noting that pulsating current of the type shown in
figure (b) is the cause of radiated emission in digital logic
boards

In summary:
Stationary charges →Electrostatic fields

Steady currents → Magnetostatic fields

Time-varying currents → electromagnetic fields (or waves)


Faraday’s Law
After Oersted's experimental discovery (upon which Biot-
Savart and Ampere based their laws) that a steady current
produces a magnetic field, it seemed logical to find out if
magnetism would produce electricity

In 1831, about 11 years after Oersted's discovery, Michael


Faraday in London and Joseph Henry in New York discovered
that a time-varying magnetic field would produce an electric
current

According to Faraday's experiments, a static magnetic field


produces no current flow, but a time-varying field produces
an induced voltage (called electromotive force or simply
emf) in a closed circuit, which causes a flow of current
Faraday’s Law
The Faraday’s law states that the induced emf, Vemf (in volts),
in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit

Mathematically, Faraday’s law can be expressed as:

where N is the number of turns in the circuit and Ψ is the flux


through each turn

Lenz's law states that the direction of current flow in the


circuit is such that the induced magnetic field produced by
the induced current will oppose the original magnetic field
Faraday’s Law
From Lenz’s law, the negative sign shows that the induced
voltage acts in such a way as to oppose the flux producing it

Recall that we described an electric field as one in which


electric charges experience force

The electric fields considered so far are caused by electric


charges; in such fields, the flux lines begin and end on the
charges

There are other kinds of electric fields not directly caused by


electric charges

These are emf-produced fields


Electromotive Force (emf)
Consider the electric circuit in figure below, where the
battery is a source of emf

The electrochemical action of the battery results in an emf-


produced field Ef

Due to the accumulation of charge at the battery terminals,


an electrostatic field Ee also exists
Electromotive Force (emf)
The total electric field at any point is:

Note that Ef is zero outside the battery

Ef and Ee have opposite directions in the battery

The direction of Ee inside the battery is opposite to that outside it

By integrating the above equation over the closed circuit, we


get:

Where because Ee is conservative


Electromotive Force (emf)
The emf of the battery is the line integral of the emf-
produced field, that is:

The negative sign is because Ef and Ee are equal but


opposite within the battery

It is important to note that:

An electrostatic field Ee cannot maintain a steady current in a


closed circuit since:

This means that an emf-produced field Ef is non-conservative


Transformer and Motional EMFs
We now examine how Faraday's law links electric and
magnetic fields

For a circuit with a single turn (N = 1), we have:

In terms of E and B, the above equation may be written as:

where Ψ has been replaced by and S is the surface


area of the circuit bounded by the closed path L
Transformer and Motional EMFs
It is clear from above equation that in a time-varying
situation, both electric and magnetic fields are present and
are interrelated

The variation of flux with time (as in previous equation) may


be caused in three ways:

1. By having a stationary loop in a time-varying B field

2. By having a time-varying loop area in a static B field

3. By having a time-varying loop area in a time-varying B field

Each of these will be considered separately.


Stationary Loop; Time-Varying B Field
Figure below shows a
stationary conducting loop in
a time varying magnetic B
field

This induced emf is often


referred to as transformer
emf in power analysis since
it is due to transformer
action
Observe in the figure that
the Lenz's law is obeyed
Stationary Loop; Time-Varying B Field
By applying Stokes theorem to the emf equation, we obtain:

Therefore, we get:

This is second Maxwell's equation for time-varying fields

It shows that the time varying E field is not conservative

This implies that the work done in taking a charge about a


closed path in a time-varying electric field, is due to the
energy from the time-varying magnetic field
Moving Loop; Static B Field
When a conducting loop is moving in a static B field, an emf
is induced in the loop

Recall that the force on a charge moving with uniform


velocity u in a magnetic field B is:

We define the motional electric field Em as:

Consider a conducting loop, moving with uniform velocity u


as consisting of a large number of free electrons, the emf
induced is:
Moving Loop; Time varying B Field

In this case, both transformer emf and motional emf are
present

Hence we combine both the emfs as:

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