McGraw-Hill Technology Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All
McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All
 Chapter 5A

Transforming Data Into

Information

McGraw-Hill Technology Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

 How Computers Represent Data
• Number systems
– A manner of counting
– Several different number systems exist
• Decimal number system
– Used by humans to count
– Contains ten distinct digits
– Digits combine to make larger numbers

5A-3
 • Binary
• Decimal
• Octal
• Hexa decimal

5A-4
 How Computers Represent Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers

5A-5
 How Computers Represent Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character

5A-6
 How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
ASCII
• American Standard Code
for Information Interchange
• It is binary code used to handle text using the
English alphabet, numbers, and other common
symbols.
• The code includes definitions for 128
characters.
5A-7
• Why needed?
5A-8
 • Standard ascii codes are(7 bit code)
128(0-127)
• 27=128
• but Extended ASCII are 28=256

• Extended ascii codes are 128+128= 256

• (0-255)

5A-9
 Ascii codes

5A-10
 Extended ASCII CODES

5A-11
 How Computers Represent Data
• Most of these are the printable characters of the alphabet
such as abc, ABC, 123, and ?&!.
• There are also control characters that cannot be
printed but instead control how text is processed, to
start a new line for example
Extended ASCII
Eight bit code.
Specifies the character for values from 128-255.
First 40 symbols represent punctuation and special
punctuation.
• Remaining shows Graphics
Unicode
5A-12 • All languages on the planet
 How Computers Represent Data
• Unicode
• All languages on the planet
• Provide up to 4bytes(32bits) to represent each letter,
number or symbol.
• With four bytes Unicode represent more than 14billion
different character and symbol.
• This is enough for every unique character and symbol
in the world include chines,Korean and Japanese
character.

5A-13
 1. Number Systems

McGraw-Hill Technology Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All

Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

pp. 40-46
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-
significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
 Binary − Octal Conversion
• 8 = 23
• Each group of 3 bits represents an octal digit.

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to

Binary)

09/12/24
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Practice Questions
• (11011100.11) 2 = (?
• (DF2E.C)
• (74036)
• (2024.3)
• (DEAF)

5A-54
 55

THANK YOU