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    Final Term Lec 1

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    engnasrullah94
    B.Tech

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    Final Term Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    engnasrullah94
    8 views16 pages
    B.Tech

    Original Title

    Final term lec 1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    B.Tech

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views16 pages

    Final Term Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    engnasrullah94
    B.Tech

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Final term

    lecture 1
    Foundation and payment
    (AASHTO)
    • The American Association of State Highway
    and Transportation Officials
    • (AASHTO) is a standards setting body which
    publishes specifications, test protocols and
    guidelines which are used in highway design
    and construction throughout the United States
    . Despite its name, the association represents
    not only highways but air, rail, water, and
    public transportation as well.
    HL-93 AASHTO
    • HL-93 AASHTO Vehicular Live Loading | Truck
    | Tandem | Design Lane Load
    • HL-93 is a type of theoretical vehicular loading
    proposed by AASHTO in 1993. It is used as the
    design loading for highway structures in USA
    and other countries where AASHTO code is
    followed. AASHTO HL-93 vehicular live load is
    a combination of three different loads,
    • HL-93 Design Truck (formerly, HS20-44 Truck)
    • HL-93 Design Tandem (formerly, Alternate
    Military)
    • Design Lane Load
    HL-93 Design Truck

    • Design Truck consists of three axles, front and


    two rear axles with front axle weighing 8kip
    (35 kN) and two rear axles weighing 32kip
    (145 kN). The distance between front and rear
    axle is 14’ (4.3m) and that of two rear axles
    can be varied between 14’ (4.3m) to 30’
    (9.0m) to obtain the worst design force. The
    tyre to tyre distance in any axle is 6’ (1.8m).
    Generally, Center of truck wheels
    must be at least 2’ (600mm) from
    the edge of a design lane and 1’
    (300mm) from the deck overhang.
    Minimum tail to nose distance
    between two successive trucks in a
    lane is 50’ (15m).
    • For Truck and Tandem, the design contact area
    of tire is assumed to be a single rectangle of
    with 20” (510mm) and length 10” (250mm).
    The tire pressure is assumed to be uniform
    over the contact area
    HL-93 Design Tandem

    • HL-93 Design Tandem consist of twin axles spaced 4’


    (1.2m) apart, weight of each axle is 25kip (110 kN).
    The distance between the tyres in an axle is 6’ (1.8m)
    • To obtain maximum negative moments, a pair of
    tandems should be considered, spaced at 8.0m to
    12.0m along with design lane load to produce worse
    hogging effect. Code doesn’t specify maximum
    number of tandems that can be considered in a lane,
    nor it does explicitly specify minimum tandem to
    tandem distance.
    Design Lane Load

    • The design lane load shall consist of a load of


    0.64 klf (9.3 kN/m) uniformly distributed in
    the longitudinal direction. In transverse
    direction, the design lane load shall be
    assumed to be uniformly distributed over a
    10.0’ (3m) width
    Placement of HL93 Load

    • Design vehicle and lane loads should be


    applied in such a way that extreme force effect
    is obtained for design. In case of multiple
    lanes, Multiple Lane factors described in the
    code shall be considered
    • Impact factor or dynamic load allowance is
    applied only for trucks and tandems, not for
    lane loading. The governing design force shall
    be taken as the larger of the following:
    • The effect of the design tandem + the design
    lane load;
    • The effect of one design truck (HL93) + the
    effect of the design lane load;
    • Thanks

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