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Unit1 - 3central Tendency

central tendency

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Neha Jaiswal
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21 views28 pages

Unit1 - 3central Tendency

central tendency

Uploaded by

Neha Jaiswal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Descriptive Statistics

Objective of this topic is to use statistical techniques to describe data and


data distributions statistically and graphically
Measures of Central Tendency

Mean

Median

Mode
Mean: Ungrouped Data

 The arithmetic mean is the average of a group of numbers.


 It is computed by dividing the sum of items with number of
items.

 Mean of population is denoted by Greek letter .


Formula is:

 Sample mean is denoted by .


Formula is:
Example: Find Mean
Mean: Grouped Data

 We know that the midpoint of each class interval is used to


represent all the values in a class interval
 Thus, mean is calculated using the following formula
Example: Mean Grouped Data
Median: Ungrouped Data

 The median is the middle value in an ordered set of


numbers/ordered series.

 For an array with an odd number of terms, the


median is the middle number, .i.e., term.

 For an array with an even number of terms, the


median is the average of the two middle numbers.
Example
Median: Grouped Data
 The median for ungrouped or raw data is the middle value of an
ordered data.
 For grouped data, solving for the median is considerably more
complicated
Example: Median
Mode: Ungrouped Data
 The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a set of data.
 For example, the mode of the set {3, 7, 8, 8, 9}, is 8. Here, 8 is called
modal value.
 A set of values may have two mode and more than two mode and set of
data in these case is said to be bimodal and multimodal respectively.
Method
 Arrange data in increasing/decreasing order and locate the value
with highest frequency.

Uses in industry:
 Locate the modal size for an item
Mode: Grouped Data

 The mode for grouped data is calculated by the following


formula.
 The modal class is the class interval with the greatest frequency.
Exercise: Calculate the mode for following
data
Exercises
 For the following population data calculate: Mean, Median, Mode

 Assume that mean of a given set of data is p. If all the entries in the
data are multiplied by s. Then find the mean of new data.
Exercises

 The mean of 5 numbers is 50. If one of the numbers is 40, what is the mean of the
other four?

 If the mean of the 7 values is 61. then find the sum of the values.

 The arithmetic mean of 12 items is 8 and the arithmetic mean of 6 items is 14. The
find the combined arithmetic mean.

 The arithmetic mean of 8 numbers is 13. If 1 is added to each number, the find the
arithmetic mean of new set of data.
Exercise
 Median of the given data is 46. Find the missing frequencies and
calculate the mean of completed table.
Exercise
 Median of the given data is 32. Find the missing frequencies and
calculate the mean of completed table.
Exercise
 Find the missing frequency if the median is given to be 28.
Quartiles, Deciles and
Percentiles: Ungrouped Data
Quartiles: Divides the series in 4 equal parts. For any series
there are 3 quartiles denoted by . is said to be first quartile or
lower quartile, is same as median and is called third quartile or
upper quartile.

Deciles: Divides the series in 10 equal parts. For any series there
are 9 deciles denoted by

Percentiles: Divides the series in 100 equal parts. For any


series there are 99 percentiles denoted by
Quartiles

 It divides the whole data into four parts.


How to calculate

 Formula for calculation of location is:


Example: Calculate upper quartile, 2nd decile and
90th percentile
Ascending order arrangement
Calculation

 The value of is found at 25th percentile, is found at 50th percentile and


is found at 75th percentile.
 Method is same as the percentiles.

Example:
Quartiles, Deciles and
Percentiles: Grouped Data
Example: Calculate lower and
upper quartile, 7th decile, 75th
percentile
Exercise
 For the following sample data, calculate, , Median, and

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