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    Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell AVRC

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    Sriharsha Gani
    This document summarizes a technical presentation on NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell technology. Key points include: - UIUC/NPL have developed an all-liquid fuel cell using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that achieves high power densities and efficiencies. - Testing has demonstrated power densities as high as 1000 W/hr/kg, among the highest reported for fuel cells operating under 100°C. - A 500W NaBH4/H2O2 stack showed power densities can be scaled up. - Applications nearing commercialization include laptop and UPS power units, while long-term applications could include

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell AVRC

    Uploaded by

    Sriharsha Gani
    185 views25 pages
    This document summarizes a technical presentation on NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell technology. Key points include: - UIUC/NPL have developed an all-liquid fuel cell using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that achieves high power densities and efficiencies. - Testing has demonstrated power densities as high as 1000 W/hr/kg, among the highest reported for fuel cells operating under 100°C. - A 500W NaBH4/H2O2 stack showed power densities can be scaled up. - Applications nearing commercialization include laptop and UPS power units, while long-term applications could include

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    This document summarizes a technical presentation on NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell technology. Key points include: - UIUC/NPL have developed an all-liquid fuel cell using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that achieves high power densities and efficiencies. - Testing has demonstrated power densities as high as 1000 W/hr/kg, among the highest reported for fuel cells operating under 100°C. - A 500W NaBH4/H2O2 stack showed power densities can be scaled up. - Applications nearing commercialization include laptop and UPS power units, while long-term applications could include

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    185 views25 pages

    Sodium Borohydride Fuel Cell AVRC

    Uploaded by

    Sriharsha Gani
    This document summarizes a technical presentation on NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell technology. Key points include: - UIUC/NPL have developed an all-liquid fuel cell using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that achieves high power densities and efficiencies. - Testing has demonstrated power densities as high as 1000 W/hr/kg, among the highest reported for fuel cells operating under 100°C. - A 500W NaBH4/H2O2 stack showed power densities can be scaled up. - Applications nearing commercialization include laptop and UPS power units, while long-term applications could include

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    The document discusses a novel liquid fuel cell technology using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as fuel and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or air as the oxidizer. This technology has been thoroughly tested and optimized for rapid commercialization.

    The anode reaction is NaBH4 + 2H2O → NaBO2 + 8H+ + 8e- (-0.45 V). The cathode reactions are H2O2 + 2e- → 2OH- (1.78 V) or O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2OH- (1.78 V). The overall reaction is NaBH4 + 2H2O + 4H2O2 → NaBO2 + 8H2O (2.23 V).

    The NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell has a higher theoretical potential of 2.23V compared to 1.23V for hydrogen fuel cells, allowing fewer cells for the same voltage. It also has non-flammable, environmentally safe liquid fuel that minimizes cooling issues compared to hydrogen systems.

    NaBH4/H2O2(Air) Fuel Cell Technology Technical Presentation

    CONTACT Richard Dell

    NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cells


    UIUC/NPL have developed a novel all liquid fuel cell with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as the fuel

    and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or air as the oxidizer This borohydride fuel cell design has been thoroughly tested and optimized to ensure rapid commercialization

    Reactions
    Anode Reaction: NaBH4 + 2H2O NaBO2 + 8H+ + 8e Cathode Reaction: H2O2 + 2e- 2OH- (1.78 V) or, O2 + 2H+ + 2e- + 2OH Overall Reaction: NaBH4 + 2H2O + 4H2O2 NaBO2 + 8H2O (2.23 V) (-0.45 V)

    (1.78 V)

    The only waste products are water and sodium metaborate, which can be recycled to produce new sodium borohydride either at a central plant (currently feasible) or in the fuel cell itself (currently in development).

    NPLs Cell Achieves Leading Power Densities


    Theoretical Current State of Power Density the Art Power Density UIUC/NPLs NaBH4/H2O2 Cell 2580 W-hr/kg 1000 W-hr/kg

    An optimized version of our small test cell generated 36-W at ~ 60C, representing one of the highest power density reported to date for a small fuel cell working at sub-100C.

    NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cells


    Other distinct advantages of sodium borohydride/hydrogen peroxide (NaBH4/H2O2) fuel cells:
    The fuel is environmentally safe and non flammable. The liquid fuel minimizes cooling issues, in comparison to H2/O2 systems The theoretical potential of NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cells is 2.23 V, compared to 1.23 V for H2/O2 fuel cells, so fewer cells are needed to construct a stack of reasonable voltage.

    A 500-W NaBH4/H2O2 Stack Shows That Our Record Power Densities are Scalable.

    The deconstructed 10-W test cell: Flow rate of approximately 200 cm3/min Minimal pressure drop even with parallel flow due to low flow rate Temperature rise of approximately 15C Cell runs at 50% efficiency at highest rated load

    The completed 500-W stack: The active area per cell was 144 cm2 and 15 cells were employed to provide a total stack active area of 2160 cm2.

    UIUC/NPL NaBH4/H2O2 FCs Demonstrate Excellent Performance


    Performance Comparison of Various Fuel Cells
    1.6 1.4 1.2 Voltage (V) 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Current Density (A/cm 2) NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cell H2/H2O2 Fuel Cell Alkaline H2/O2 Fuel Cell PEM H2/O2 Fuel Cell

    The V-I characteristics of various fuel cells, at room temperature, ambient pressure operation.

    NaBH4/H2O2 much less volatile than H2/O2 or gasoline.

    NaBH4/H2O2 Storage Safer and More Efficient Than Hydrogen Storage

    No need for heavy structural tanks to store pressurized gasses. No need to cryogenically store the liquid fuels. NaBH4/H2O2 much less toxic to humans than gasoline

    Using oxygen (air) as the oxidizer decreases fuel weight, since H2O2 would not need to be carried The slight loss in power density is more than made up for by the mass of oxidizer that does not need to be carried This approach can work for terrestrial applications where size/weight is at a

    Direct NaBH4 Fuel Cells Can Also Use Oxygen From Air as an Oxidizer

    Automobiles, manned and unmanned aircraft, ships, and auxiliary power units are all ideally suited to an NaBH4/air fuel cell

    Progress in NaBH4 Production and Recycling Will Lower Costs


    NaBH4 currently costs $50-$60 per kg, yielding an TOTAL energy cost of $0.66 per kW-hr Much of the cost of NaBH4 is in electrolyzing Na+ from NaCl Millennium Cell (Eatontown, NJ) is working on a process to reduce the cost of NaBH4 by extracting Na+ from the NaOH that is produced during NaBH4 production and recycling the NaBO2 product of the fuel cell NPL is working on an electrolytic process Under laboratory conditions, NaBH4 has been produced for ~ $0.07 per kilogram, which in a NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cell, would yield an energy cost under $0.3 per kW-hr, comparable to the cost of gasoline NaOH
    NaBH4

    NaBH4 plant

    Fuel Cell

    NaBO2

    500-W Stack Demonstrates Scale Up to Higher Power Output


    Performance of NPL 500W NaBH4/H2O2 Fuel Cell
    45 40 35 30 Voltage (V) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 Current (A) 25 30 35 40 0 200 Initial V-I V-I after 20 mins Initial Pow er Pow er after 20 mins 500 400 Power (W)

    300

    100

    V-I and P-I performance of the 500-W NaBH4/H2O2 FC.

    In Addition to Our Current Regenerative Cell Long Term Approaches Are Under Study
    I. Novel chemistries can be used to create a timed release fuel cell. This design, termed the STID design, is in testing now and has shown great promise for satellite and load leveling applications. The fuel cell waste product, NaBO2, can be drained from the fuel cell and chemically recycled at a dedicated recycling station. This approach is best suited for automotive and some stationary applications. NaBO2 can be converted in situ in a unitized regenerative cell. Some progress has been made on this design and work is continuing.

    II.

    III.

    STID Unitized Regenerative Cell


    The STID design uses novel catalysts and a new chemical pathway to achieve regeneration Currently, the only unitized hydrogen based liquid regenerative cell in development. Roundtrip efficiencies of 75% with cycle life of >10000 have been demonstrated. A complete NaBH4 regenerative fuel cell system would mitigate the need to consider borohydride fuel economics

    Current state-of-the-art 16-W regenerative test cell.

    STID Performance Characteristics


    Energy Density Prototype 110 W-hr/kg Power Density Power Density Cycle Life (Peak) (Nominal) 400 W/kg 800 W/kg 110 W/kg 220 W/kg >10000 >10000

    In 5 Months 200 W-hr/kg

    Because the cell uses a permeable membrane, it will self discharge after a certain amount of time (~15 hrs) Because of this discharge/recharge cycle, the cell is ideal for periodic applications such as satellite power and load leveling

    1-kW UPS System


    Compact design providing ~1 hr runtime. Easily expandable with auxiliary tanks for extended operation. Meets or exceeds typical commercial UPS system requirements. ~3.5x more space efficient than typical battery UPS

    Schematic of proposed UPS system.

    1-kW UPS System Startup


    System Startup Fast fuel cell start-up time minimizes battery size to ~5.9 W-hr.

    Cell power and required battery power during system startup are sized to maintain a system output of 1000 W ~20 second fuel cell startup time The battery kicks in after power failure to provide immediate power until the fuel cell can reach full power Modest battery requirements for startup due to fast fuel cell startup: Power ~ 1250 W Energy ~ 5.9 W-hr

    20-W Laptop Power Unit


    NaBH4/H202 Micro Cell
    20 W 500 W-hr 2.2 lbs

    In comparison: Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell


    20 W 500 W-hr 3.5 7 lbs
    Schematic of proposed laptop power unit.

    Space Applications
    Astronauts have been using fuel cells for power on spacecraft since the 1960s. Looking forward, one of the most challenging issues in space applications is increasing the energy density of fuel cells. NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cells achieve that desired increase in energy density. Low storage mass overhead of NaBH4/H2O2 fuel cells very important for cost savings in space launches. First application planned is for an AF satellite.

    Regenerative Designs Allow Solar Energy Storage


    The periodic recharge/discharge cycle of the STID design makes it ideal for low earth orbit applications Regenerative cells provide for solar energy storage This design can also be used for lunar/Martian rover designs, with the recharge cycle tuned to the availability of solar energy

    Direct NaBH4/Air Fuel Cells for Automobiles Approach DOE 2015 Targets
    Power density of 2200 W/L Specific power of 2000 W/kg 75% fuel cell efficiency System cost: $20/kWe Durability, transient response time, cold startup time, and temperature survivability conditions can currently all be met, unlike gaseous H2 systems.
    Parameter Mass of liquid fuel Size of liquid fuel tank Parasitic Mass Total Fuel System Mass Energy Density of Fuel System Vehicle Power Consumption Vehicle Speed Vehicle Range Value 100 kg 20 gal 20 kg 120 kg 2.2 kWh/kg 20 kW 75 mph 500 mi

    Direct NaBH4/Air Fuel Cells Can Be Used For Many Other Types of Mobile Uses
    Any vehicle that currently supplies electrical demand through batteries can be fitted with an all liquid fuel cell for better power and energy densities

    Liquid Fuel Cells are Ideal for Man Portable Operations


    Small liquid fuel cells can provide greater power densities than batteries This equals less weight necessary for power equipment The fuel cell can be easily scaled to the power needs of the mission

    Regenerative Fuel Cells For Load Leveling Applications


    The STID regenerative design can be scaled to provide load leveling for utilities The power density and cost compare favorably with other flow battery designs The periodic discharge recharge cycle makes the STID design ideal for this application.

    Regenerative Fuel Cells for Renewable Energy Storage


    The STID design can store energy when wind and solar energy are plentiful and ensure a continuous supply of electricity when these sources are not in operation. The STID design allows for easier storage than electrolytic hydrogen production

    In Summary, NaBH4 FCs Are Proceeding Rapidly To Commercialization


    The NaBH4/H2O2 FC achieves a max efficiency > 75%, at > 1.0 W/cm2, under ambient pressure and temperature. Optimized catalysts give a high conversion efficiency and negligible gas production, allowing sealed units. Simple system design for liquid fuel, plus innovative manufacturing processes, open applications: Ws to kWs.

    The unitized regenerative cell opens up added portable applications.

    Near Term: Laptop and UPS units provide compact designs with long run-times. Also, air independent applications, e.g. satellite power are close at hand. Long Term: Automobiles and spacecraft will benefit from Direct NaBH4 fuel cells.

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