 Remove a book from your bag and keep it on the desk.

 Now exchange the book with your partner’s book.

 List your observations during this activity.
 Make a list of activities that requires push or a pull.
Describe the pictures in terms of Force
Force and Pressure
CLASS 8
 Force
 What happens to bodies when a force is
applied?
Push, pull, change direction, change the speed
 Lets complete the table: 11.1 in text book.
 Definition: A push or a pull on an object is
called a force.
 Force is an external agent capable of changing
a body's state of rest or motion.
 So we can say that, motion imparted to objects
is due to the action of force.
 What do you infer from these examples?
 Interaction involves two objects.
 In interaction, each object acts in such a way, as to have an effect on the other
object.
 Interaction of one object with another object results in force between two
objects.
 At least two objects must interact with each other for a force to come into play.
 If there is no interaction between two objects, no force can show its effects.
 What was your observation in terms of force applied?
 How did the ball change its position or direction?
 Could the player reduce the speed of the ball? If yes, How?
 What do you infer from the above questions?
 Exploring Forces
 If two forces are applied in the same direction of an object the net force is the addition of
forces.
 What happens when force is applied in one direction?
 If the force applied to an object is in the direction of its motion, its speed decreases.
 Give some examples of force applied in same direction.
 When two forces are applied in the opposite direction on an object, the net force will be the
difference between the two forces.
 Because both forces in opposite direction opposes each other. Hence net effect is reduced.
 Give some examples of force applied in opposite direction.
 Force can be smaller or larger or equal to each other.
 What is magnitude?
 Magnitude generally refers to the quantity or distance. In relation to the movement, we can correlate magnitude
with the size and speed of the object while travelling. The size of the object or the amount is its magnitude.
 The strength of force is expressed by its magnitude.
 What is a scalar quantity?
 A quantity having only magnitude, not direction.Eg. distance, speed, mass, and time.
 What is vector quantity?
 A quantity having direction as well as magnitude, especially as determining the position of one point in space
relative to another. Eg. Force
 If the direction or the magnitude of the applied forces changes, its effect also changes.
 Net force on an object is ______ if the two forces acting on it in opposite directions are equal.
 We have to specify the direction in which a force acts. Also, if the direction or the magnitude of the applied force
changes, its effect also changes.
 What do you infer from the examples?
 Force can change the state of motion.
 When a ball is at rest before being kicked, or a cycle getting into motion, a swing before swinging- What is the
speed of these objects?
 When do the objects start moving?
 That means, the applied force can either start or stop the object being in motion.
 Again, when will the speed become zero?
 What do you infer from the above conclusions?
 A force applied can change the speed of an object.
 What happens when the force is applied in the direction of the motion of an object?
 What will happen if the force is applied in the opposite direction of motion?
 A change in either speed or direction of motion or both, of an object, is described as change in
its state of motion.
 The state of motion of an object is described by its speed and the direction of motion.
 The state of rest is considered to be the state of zero speed.
 An object may be at rest or in motion; both are its states of motion.
 Sometimes, application of force does not result in any change in the state of motion. Give
examples.
 Complete the table 11.5 in the text book.
 What do you conclude from the above examples?
 Force on an object can change its shape.
 We can say that, a force:
 May make an object move from rest.
 May change the direction of motion of an object.
 May change the speed of an object.
 May bring about a change in the shape of an object.
 May cause some or all of these effects.

 The force resulting due to the action of muscles is known as the muscular force.
 Muscular force enables us to perform all activities involving movement or bending of our
body.
 Process of digestion
 Breathing
 Give some more examples.
 Since muscular force can be applied only when it is in contact with an object.
 It is also called a contact force.
 When we stop pedaling a cycle, it slows down and finally comes to rest.
 A car or a scooter comes to rest if we stop the engine.
 No force appears to be acting on the objects, yet the speed decreases and comes to rest after sometime.
 What causes change in their state of motion?
 Which force is acting in these examples?
 The force responsible for changing the state of motion of objects is the force of friction.
 Force of friction always acts on all the moving objects and its direction of motion.
 Since force of friction arises due to contact between surfaces, it is also an example of ______.
 What type of force do you observe in these examples?
 Attraction or repulsion between two objects can also be seen as another form of push or a pull.
 A magnet can exert a force on another magnet without being in contact with it.
 The force exerted by a magnet is an example of a non-contact force
 The force exerted by a charged body on another charged
or uncharged body is known as electrostatic force.
 This force comes into play even when the bodies are not
in contact.
 So we can say that, electrostatic force is also an example
of ______ force.
 Gravitational pull
 Tides are the short term periodic rise and fall of water in oceans. What causes tides?
 These large waves are caused in the oceans due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the
sun exerted on the water present in oceans.
 What will happen in the absence of gravitational pull?
 In absence of the gravitational pull, the oceans would be calmer as the size of the tides would
reduce to one-third of their original height.
 The drinks poured in a glass stay to the base and do not rise up to the brim.
 The gravity or the gravitational force makes this possible.
 Pouring liquids in space or in zero gravity regions is a tedious task as no force pulls the
molecules to the base of the container.
 The celestial bodies present in space revolve around the sun and rotate at their respective axis.
 The force which is accountable for the proper alignment and revolution of planets around the
sun is the gravitational force.
 The same force is responsible for the revolution of the moons around their respective planets.
 The water evaporating from the earth’s surface form huge clouds of water vapors.
 These water vapors then return to the earth by following a basic process of condensation.
 The precipitation is usually in the form of rainfall or snowfall.
 The rain or the snow falls directly on the ground and does not float in the air. Hence, the
presence of gravitational force can be observed clearly.
 The objects present on the surface of the earth do not levitate or float
in the air.
 Thisis because of the presence of the gravitational force present
between the objects and the earth.
 The cup that is kept on the table does not hover in the air and stays in
the same position until disrupted by an external force.
 Similarly, gravity is responsible to keep other objects in a stable
position.
 Pressure
 Deep-sea divers use certain specially designed suits to protect themselves from high
pressure.
 If a person has dived to a depth of 100 m, without proper suits, to survive, he must spend
some time in a decompression chamber.
 How do submarines handle water pressure?
 Most submarines have two hulls, one inside the other, to help them survive. The outer hull
is waterproof, while the inner one (called the pressure hull) is much stronger and resistant
to immense water pressure.
 The strongest submarines have hulls made from tough steel or titanium.
Atmospheric pressure
 Atmospheric Pressure in Simple Words
 Our earth is surrounded by a cover of air which is called the atmosphere.
It ends at a few hundred kilometres above sea level.
Just as certain sea creatures live at the bottom of an ocean. We live at the
bottom of a vast ocean of air. This ocean of air exerts pressure on objects
present at the surface of the earth, this pressure is called atmospheric
pressure.
Air is a mixture of gases with varying densities. Its density decreases
continuously as we go up.
 Air seems light, but there is a lot of it pushing
down on Earth’s surface.
 This is called air pressure.
 You experience high air pressure at sea level
because the whole atmosphere is pushing down
on you.
 The air pressure is low on top of a mountain
because there is less atmosphere pushing down
on you.
 That difference in air pressure can cause your
ears to pop when you’re taking off in an airplane
or driving up a hill.
 Pressure is force per unit area.
 If we imagine a unit area and a
cylinder standing on it filled with
air, then the force of gravity on the
air in this cylinder is atmospheric
pressure.
 What happens when you press the sucker?
 Most of the air between the sucker and the surface
escapes out.
 Why does the sucker stick to the surface?
 Because the pressure of the atmosphere acts on it.
 Will you be able to pull the sucker? How?
 To pull the sucker, the applied force should be
large enough to overcome the atmospheric
pressure.
 It would not be possible to pull the rubber sucker
off the surface if there were no air at all between
the sucker and the surface.
 If
the area on my head were 15cm by 15cm, how much force air will exert on
my head?
 The weight of air column of the height of the atmosphere and area 15 cm × 15
cm is equal to the weight of an object (force of gravity on an object) of mass
225 kg (2250 N).
 We have air inside our body, so we are not crushed under this weight and
pressure of air is equal at both the sides.
 Atmospheric Pressure
 Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted on the ground by the air above it when it is attracted to earth by gravity.
 Applications:
 Applications of atmospheric pressure:
 1. Syringe: When the piston is pulled up, the atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder will decrease. The atmospheric
pressure outside pushes the liquid up into the syringe.
2. Straw: When a person sucks through the straw, the pressure in the straw becomes low.
The atmospheric pressure outside which is higher will force the water into the straw and consequently into the mouth.
3. Vacuum cleaner: When a vacuum cleaner is switched on, it sucks out the air inside the cleaner, causing the
pressure inside the cleaner to become low. The atmospheric pressure which is higher in magnitude forces the air and
dust particles into the cleaner.
4.The bubbles of soap are spherical because the air pressure inside the bubble is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
5. Similarly, the balloon expands as we fill air into it. The air pressure inside the balloon is equal to the atmospheric
pressure.
Facts about Atmospheric pressure

 Pressure is greatest at sea level and decreases with height.

 Air is heaviest at sea level because the air molecules are compressed by the
weight of the air above them.
 Air becomes lighter farther away from Earth’s surface as the air molecules
become separated by more space.
 Lets check

1) The pressure which is exerted by air around us is known as

(a) force
(b) atmospheric pressure
(c) muscular force
(d) friction
2) Force acting on per unit area is called
(a) non-contact forces
(b) contact forces
(c) force
(d) pressure
3) A exerted by an object on another is a force.
(a) Push or pull
(b) Contact or non-contact force
(c) Pressure
4) The force exerted by the earth to pull the object towards itself is called
(a) electrostatic force
(b) gravitational force
(c) muscular force
(d) contact force
5) Muscular force is also called __________ force.
(b) non-contact
(b) contact
(c) gravitational
(d) magnetic
6) The force exerted by a charged body on another charged or uncharged body is called
(a) gravitational force
(b) electrostatic force
(c) non-contact force
7) Force changes the
(a) motion of body
(b) speed of body
(c) shape of body
(d) all of these
8) The force exerted by our muscle is called
a) electrostatic force
(b) muscular force
(c) gravitational force
(d) non-contact force
9) Two boys A and B are applying force on a block. If the block moves towards the boy A, which one of the following statements is
correct?
a) Magnitude of force applied by A is greater than that of B.
(b) Magnitude of force applied by A is smaller than that of B.
(c) Net force on the block is towards B.