OCH353 – ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

Unit I - Unit Name

R.RAMANATHAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR/EEE
MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
 Course Outcome
• CO1: Students will be able to describe the fundamentals and main
characteristics of
• renewable energy sources and their differences compared to fossil fuels.
• CO2: Students will excel as professionals in the various fields of energy
engineering
• CO3: Compare different renewable energy technologies and choose the
most appropriate based
• on local conditions.
• CO4: Explain the technological basis for harnessing renewable energy
sources.
• CO5: Identify and critically evaluate current developments and emerging
trends within the
• field of renewable energy technologies and to develop in-depth technical
• understanding of energy problems at an advanced level.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 2
 Outline
• 1.1 -classification of energy
• 1.2 -energy consumption
• 1.3 -Indian energy resources
• 1.4 -energy crisis, energy alternatives
• 1.5 -Renewable and non-renewable
• 1.6 -Prospects of Renewable energy sources

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 3
1.1
Units of Energy
Basic Units
• Joule (J)
– Definition: The standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI).
– Description: It is defined as the amount of energy required to move an object with a
force of one newton over a distance of one meter.
– Usage: Common in scientific contexts.
• Calorie (cal)
– Definition: A unit of energy used in nutrition and chemistry.
– Description: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of
water by one degree Celsius.
– Conversion: 1 calorie = 4.184 joules.
– Usage: Common in food labeling and dietary contexts.
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
– Definition: A unit of energy commonly used for electrical energy consumption.
– Description: The amount of energy used by a device with a power consumption of one
kilowatt over one hour.
– Conversion: 1 kWh = 3.6 million joules (3.6 MJ).
– Usage: Commonly used in electricity billing.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 4
Continues …
British Thermal Unit (BTU)
Definition: A unit of energy used primarily in the United States for heating
and cooling.
Description: The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
Conversion: 1 BTU = 1,055 joules (1.055 kJ).
Usage: Common in HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)
contexts.
Electronvolt (eV)
Definition: A unit of energy used in atomic and particle physics.
Description: The amount of energy gained by an electron when it is
accelerated through an electric potential difference of one volt.
Conversion: 1 eV = 1.602 x 10^-19 joules.
Usage: Common in quantum physics and chemistry.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 5
Continues …
• Larger Units
• Megajoule (MJ)
– Definition: A larger unit of energy.
– Description: 1 MJ = 1 million joules.
– Usage: Used in contexts where large amounts of energy are involved, such as in
industrial energy calculations.
• Gigajoule (GJ)
– Definition: An even larger unit of energy.
– Description: 1 GJ = 1 billion joules.
– Usage: Used in large-scale energy measurements, such as national energy
statistics.
• Terajoule (TJ)
– Definition: A unit of energy used for very large quantities.
– Description: 1 TJ = 1 trillion joules.
– Usage: Used in discussions of energy consumption on a national or global scale.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 6
1.1
Summary
• Joule (J): The SI unit of energy, named after the English physicist James
Prescott Joule.
• Kilowatt-hour (kWh): Used by the electric power industry.
• British thermal unit (BTU): Used to measure the efficiency of appliances.
• Therm : Used by natural gas companies.
• Kilocalorie (kcal): Used by the food and fitness industries.
• Electron volt (eV): Used in atomic physics, particle physics, and high
energy physics. One eV is equivalent to 1.602176634×10J1.602176634
cross 10 to the cap J-th power 1.602176634×10𝐽
• Hart ree: The atomic unit of energy.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 7
1.1
Other References
• Energy Conversion
Understanding how to convert between these units is important for accurate
measurements and comparisons. For example:
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.6 million joules (3.6 MJ)
1 calorie = 4.184 joules
1 therm = 100,000 BTUs
 Watt (W)
 Horsepower (hp)
 Standard Cubic Foot (scf)
 Rydberg (Ry)
 Kilojoule (kJ)
 Megaelectronvolt (MeV)
 Quad
 Litre of Oil Equivalent (LOE)
 Tonne of Oil Equivalent (TOE)
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 8
1.2

Conversion Factors

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 9
 General Classification of Energy
1.3

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 10
 world energy resources
1.4

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 11
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
• Fossil Fuels
– Coal: Used primarily for electricity generation and steel production. It is
abundant but has significant environmental impacts, including high CO2
emissions.
– Oil: Mainly used for transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel) and in the
chemical industry. Oil reserves are geographically concentrated, and
extraction can be environmentally disruptive.
– Natural Gas: Used for electricity generation, heating, and as an
industrial feedstock. It is cleaner than coal and oil but still emits CO2.
• Nuclear Energy
– Generated through nuclear fission in reactors. It produces large
amounts of energy with low direct CO2 emissions but involves
challenges such as radioactive waste management and high initial costs.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 12
 Renewable Energy Resources
• Renewable Energy Resources
• Solar Energy
– Photovoltaic (PV): Converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. It is
scalable and increasingly cost-effective.
– Solar Thermal: Uses sunlight to produce heat, which can be used directly or to
generate electricity.
• Wind Energy
– Onshore Wind: Uses wind turbines on land to generate electricity. It is one of the
fastest-growing energy sources.
– Offshore Wind: Utilizes turbines placed in bodies of water. It can harness stronger and
more consistent winds but is more expensive to install.
• Hydropower
– Hydroelectric: Generates electricity by harnessing the energy of flowing water. It is a
mature technology but can have ecological impacts on river systems.
– Pumped Storage: A type of hydropower that stores energy by moving water between
reservoirs at different elevations.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 13
 Continues…
• Geothermal Energy
– Uses heat from beneath the Earth's surface to generate electricity or provide
direct heating. It has a small land footprint and low emissions but is
location-specific.
• Biomass
– Solid Biomass: Includes wood, agricultural residues, and other organic
materials burned for energy.
– Biofuels: Liquid fuels like ethanol and biodiesel produced from biological
materials.
• Ocean Energy
– Tidal and Wave Power: Harnesses the energy from ocean tides and waves.
These technologies are still in development compared to other renewables.
– Ocean Thermal Energy: Utilizes the temperature differences between the
ocean’s surface and deeper waters to generate electricity.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 14
Emerging Technologies and Trends
• Hydrogen: Particularly green hydrogen, produced using
renewable energy sources, is gaining attention as a
potential clean fuel for various applications.
• Energy Storage: Advances in battery technology and
other storage solutions are crucial for balancing supply
and demand, especially with intermittent renewable
sources.
• Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency in
buildings, transportation, and industrial processes is a
key strategy for reducing overall energy consumption
and emissions.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 15
 SUMMARY
Energy Conservation
1. Building Design: Incorporating energy-efficient designs and
materials in construction, such as proper insulation, energy-efficient
windows, and passive solar heating.
2. Energy-Efficient Appliances: Using devices and appliances that
consume less energy, such as LED light bulbs, ENERGY STAR-rated
appliances, and high-efficiency HVAC systems.
3. Smart Technology: Implementing smart meters, programmable
thermostats, and home automation systems to optimize energy use.
4. Behavioral Practices: Encouraging practices such as reducing water
heater temperatures, unplugging unused electronics, and
minimizing energy-intensive activities.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 16
 PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION

1.1 classification of energy 1.2 energy consumption

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 17
 Energy Consumption
1.4

What is energy consumption?

Energy consumption is the total amount of energy required
for a given process and is measured in kilowatt hours (kWh).
This includes the use of electricity, gas, diesel, oil, and
biomass.
There are various factors that directly influence energy
consumption such as:
• The activity that takes place in the home or business.
• The number of people in a household or workers.
• The consumption habits of each person.
• The energy performance of household appliances.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 18
Energy Consumption

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 19
Difference between contracted power and
energy consumption

• These terms are closely related but should not be confused.

• The contracted power is the amount of kilowatts signed up
for that are supplied to a home, office, or factory, and it must
be enough to support all the electrical appliances used on
the property.
• If this is not the case, when several electrical appliances are
connected at the same time, the circuit breakers will trip.
• Meanwhile, energy consumption is the amount of energy
needed in a house to switch on electrical appliances.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 20
1.4

Summary
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• Sources of Energy:Fossil Fuels: Renewables:,Nuclear
Energy
• ConsumptionPatterns:ResidentiaL,Commercial,Industrial,
Transportation
• Global Trends: Increased Demand,Shift Toward
Renewables,Energy Efficiency
• Environmental Impact: Greenhouse Gas
Emissions,Pollution,Resource Depletion
• Future Outlook:Technological Advancements,Policy and
Regulation,Consumer Behavior
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 21
1.4

Other References
Government Agencies and International
Organizations
• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
• International Energy Agency (IEA)
• World Energy Council (WEC)
Research Institutions and Think Tanks
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
• Brookings Institution
• Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 22
 PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION

1.2 energy consumption 1.3 -Indian energy resources

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 23
 Indian energy resources and energy
1.3
consumption
• Renewable energy and sustainable
development
• Renewable Energy in India
• Renewable Energy Policy Framework
• research organization
• Conclusion

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 24
 Energy Resources
• It is a ‘capacity to do work’
• In modern era people depend upon energy
• Fossil fuel like coal, oil & natural gas are main
source of energy
• Energy can be classified into several types
based on the following criteria:
1. Primary and Secondary energy
2. Commercial and Non commercial energy
3. Renewable and Non-Renewable energy
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 25
Primary Energy World Consumption (courtesy BP 2023)
(Million tonnes oil equivalent)

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 26
Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2023 (courtesy BP
2023)
(Percentage)

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 27
 Conventional Source of Energy
• Coal, oil and natural gas are the major source of
energy from longtime
• Still 80% energy requirement is fulfill by fossil fuel
• Coal play a major role to run thermal power plant
• Due to rapid industrialization, consumption increase
manifold
• Oil and gas decide the economic condition of country
• These resources are limited and must be conserve
• Main cause of air pollution and global warming

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 28
 Energy and Economics
• Energy is essential for Economic growth
• Economics growth is essential for country like India
• Ratio of energy demand and GDP is useful indicator
for Economics growth
• Per Capita Energy Consumption of USA 13246
kwh/Year
• India Per capita consumption is about 684kwh/Year
• Economic growth of country is depend upon rate of
improvement in per capita energy consumption
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 29
Oil Consumption Per Capita 2022
Tonnes

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 30
 Commercial form of Energy
• Energy resource which is economical and
technically acceptable is known as commercial fuel
• i.e. , after the invention of IC engine, oil become a
commercial fuel
• Coal, oil and gas are used.
• For sustainable growth, people look forward for
new available form of energy
• Nuclear and hydro energy is one of the clean fuel
and have a future
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 31
 Global Energy Consumption
• There is uneven pattern of energy consumption in
different country
• Developed country have a population of 10%, use approx.
90% of the available resources
• One the other side, there is country where people depend
on wood as a form of energy
• From last 20 year developing country focus on energy
sector
• Rate of growth in energy sector in developed country is
1% to 2%, but in developing country growth rate is 7 to
8%.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 32
 Per Capita Energy Consumption (kWh)
United Arab
Emirates 9389
Sweden 14030
USA 13246
Australia 10720
Japan 7848 Per Capita Energy
Consumption (kWh)
Germany 7081
China 3298
Indonesia 680
India 684
0 00 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
20 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 33
 SUMMARY
• Conventional Energy Resources
COAL
OIL
PEAT
• Non Conventional Energy Resources
SOLAR
HYDRO
WIND
TIDAL

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 34
 PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION

1.3 -Indian energy resources 1.4 -energy crisis, energy alternatives

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 35
 Global Energy Crises
• GlobalEnergy requirement increases
continuously
• Fuel resources are depleted
• Oil price increase continuously
• It put pressure on country economic
• Oil war start (developed country pressurized oil
rich country)
• It is estimated that in next 50-60 year oil & gas
resources are consumed
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 36
 Kyoto Protocol
• First legal international agreement on climate protection
• It aim to reduce the level of Green House Gas emission
• Annex-B country must limit there emissions of GHG,
most notably CO2 from fossil fuel combustion
• Annex-B country reduce GHG emission by 5.2% on 1990
average (achieve goal by 2012)
• There is system for carbon credit
• It lack economic and environmental policy objective
• Developing country are not much interested in kyoto
protocol
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 37
 Energy Scenario in India
• India is a seventh
largest country and
have a population of 1.2
billion people
• To maintain growth
rate, need rapid growth
in energy sector
• 41% of electricity
generation from
thermal power plant
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 38
 Energy scenario in India
• By 2021-2023, total domestic energy production
of 670 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE). This
meet only 71% of the expected demand.
• As per the 2023 Census, 55.3% rural households
had access to electricity
• Still most of the rural area have limited supply
hours of electricity
• India ready to exploit renewable energy
resources
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 39
 Electricity ACT 2023
• Role of Government : National Electricity Policy and tariff
policy
• Rural electrification
• Splitting the structure: Genco, Transco and Discos
• Consumer protection
• Trading and market development
• Formation of Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
• Restructuring of State Electricity Board (SEB)
• Measures against theft of electricity
• Renewable energy utilization
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 40
 Energy Conservation Act 2001
• Much-needed legal framework and institutional
arrangement for embarking on an energy efficiency
drive
• Energy auditing for designated consumer like energy
intensive industry, railway, commercial building,
Power Plant etc.
• Establishment of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
• Role of BEE: standard and labels of appliances,
undertake promotional activity, prepare building
codes, maintain central energy conservation fund etc.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 41
 Future Energy Resources
• Current rate of fossil fuel usage will lead to an
energy crisis this century
• Energy industry start inventing new ways to extract
energy from renewable sources
• Due to lack of technology and economic
consideration, total shift toward renewable energy is
not possible
• Nuclear energy have a future
• Solar thermal plant, solar PV plant, wind energy play
a crucial role to satisfy the energy demand
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 42
 SUMMARY

•Supply Disruptions:

•Geopolitical Conflicts:

•Natural Disasters:

•Demand Surges:

•Economic Growth:

•Population Growth: .

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 43
 PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION

1.4 -energy crisis, energy alternatives 1.5 -Renewable and non-renewable

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 44
 Renewable Energy and Sustainable
Development
• Sustainable Development: “to meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future”
• Effect of conventional source of energy: air pollution, acid
precipitation, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and emission
of radioactive substances
• There is shortage of energy in near future
• more use of renewable energy sources and technologies is one of
the solution
• Renewable energy is a direct or indirect form of solar energy
• Research is going on to make renewable energy economical
• Once technology develop in renewable energy field, it help in
national sustainable economic growth
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 45
 Renewable Energy in India
Output in GW
25
19.93
20
15
10
5 3.74 2.39
1.77 2.21
0.21
0
er er o n er er er
w o w ati o w o w o w
Po s P n r p r P P
ro as ge to l a n d
d te o i
H y
i om Co a S W
l e
al B
ass W
Sm Ba
g (Cumulative deployment of renewable energy as on 31.10.2013)
:Source MNRE

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 46
 Wind Energy
• India have a wind potential of 50
GW at 50m height
• Costal region in southern part of
India is one of the best site of
wind energy
• India is a fifth largest wind power
producer in world
• Wind energy sector is one of the
fastest growing renewable energy
sector
• Assessment of wind energy
resource is done by C-WET (Centre
for Wind Energy Technology)
• R&D and testing is done by C-WET

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 47
 Biomass Power Program
• Objective of harnessing grid
quality power from biomass
• Biomass material like
bagasse, rice husk, cotton
and jute waste, de oiled
cakes etc. are used to
produce energy
• Bagasse based cogeneration
in sugar mill have a potential
of 5000 MW
• Biogas based generation in
village using animal waste
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 48
 Small Hydro Plant
• Hydro plant of capacity less
than 25 MW
• Estimated potential of small
hydro plant is 20 GW
• It help to provide electricity in
remote area
• Government plant to electrify
boarder village of Arunachal
Pradesh using small hydro plant
• AHEC (Alternative Hydro Energy
Centre),IIT Roorkee is work to
design international level R&D
and testing facility

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 49
 Solar Power
• With about 300 clear, sunny days
in a year, India have abundant
solar potential
• Daily average solar energy
incident over India varies from 4
to 7 kWh/m2
• Technology advancement and
drop in price of PV module make
solar PV plant a good choice
• National Solar Mission launch to
encourage solar energy
• Solar PV plant type:
1. Grid connected solar PV plant
2. Off grid (StandAlone) PV plant

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 50
 Research Organization
• Solar Energy Centre
• Centre of Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
• AHEC (Alternative Hydro Energy Centre)
• IREDA ( Indian Renewable Energy Development
Agency)
• SECI (Solar Energy Corporation of India)
• NCPRE (National Centre for Photovoltaic Research
and Education), IIT Bombay
• Renewable energy centre in various IIT and NIT
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 51
 Prospects of
Renewable energy sources

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 52
 INDIA POWER
MAP OVERVIEW

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 53
 SUMMARY
•Solar Energy: •Geothermal Energy:
•Source: Sunlight. •Source: Heat from Earth's interior.
•Technology: Photovoltaic cells and solar •Technology: Geothermal power plants and
thermal systems. heat pumps.
•Benefits: Abundant and widely available; •Benefits: Provides continuous, stable
low greenhouse gas emissions. energy; low emissions.
•Wind Energy: •Biomass Energy:
•Source: Organic materials (e.g., plant and
•Source: Wind.
•Technology: Wind turbines. animal waste).
•Technology: Biomass power plants,
•Benefits: Clean, abundant in many areas;
biofuels.
helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels. •Benefits: Utilizes waste materials; can be a
•Hydropower:
carbon-neutral energy source.
•Source: Flowing water. •Ocean Energy:
•Technology: Dams and hydroelectric •Source: Tides, waves, and ocean thermal
plants. energy.
•Benefits: Reliable and can provide a •Technology: Tidal turbines, wave energy
stable power supply; reduces greenhouse converters.
gas •Benefits: Large potential in coastal areas;
less variable than wind and solar

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 54
 PREVIOUS SESSION TODAYS SESSION

1.6 -Prospects of Renewable energy

1.5 -Renewable and non-renewable
sources

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 55
1.6 Prospects of
Renewable energy sources Technological Advancements

• Efficiency Improvements: Ongoing research is enhancing the efficiency of

solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable technologies. For
example, new materials and designs in solar photovoltaic cells are
increasing energy conversion rates.
• Energy Storage: Advancements in battery technology, such as lithium-ion
and solid-state batteries, are improving the ability to store renewable
energy for use when generation is low. This is crucial for balancing supply
and demand.
• Smart Grids: Development of smart grid technology is enhancing the
integration of renewable sources into the energy grid, allowing for better
management and distribution of energy.
• Hydrogen Technology: Green hydrogen, produced using renewable
energy, is gaining traction as a clean energy carrier for various
applications, including transportation and industrial processes.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 56
 Economic Viability
• Cost Reduction: The cost of renewable energy technologies
has been steadily decreasing. Solar and wind power, in
particular, have become some of the most cost-effective
sources of electricity, often competing with or surpassing
fossil fuels in terms of price.
• Job Creation: The renewable energy sector is a significant
source of employment. Jobs in manufacturing, installation,
maintenance, and research are growing rapidly.
• Investment Growth: Investment in renewable energy projects
is increasing, with substantial funding coming from both
public and private sectors. This trend is expected to continue
as financial institutions recognize the long-term benefits and
stability of renewable energy investments.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 57
 Environmental and Social Benefits
• Reduced Emissions: Renewable energy sources produce little
to no greenhouse gases or pollutants compared to fossil fuels,
contributing significantly to climate change mitigation and
improved air quality.
• Sustainable Development: Renewables provide a pathway to
sustainable energy systems that can support long-term
energy needs without depleting natural resources or causing
extensive environmental harm.
• Energy Access: Renewables offer opportunities for
decentralized energy systems, which can improve energy
access in remote or underserved regions, promoting energy
equity and resilience.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 58
 Policy and Regulatory Support
• Government Incentives: Many governments offer incentives, subsidies,
and tax benefits to promote the adoption of renewable energy
technologies. This includes feed-in tariffs, renewable energy certificates,
and investment tax credits.

• Climate Goals: International agreements and national commitments to

reduce carbon emissions are driving the transition towards renewable
energy. For instance, the Paris Agreement has spurred countries to set
ambitious renewable energy targets.

• Standards and Regulations: Increasingly stringent environmental

regulations are encouraging the shift from fossil fuels to cleaner energy
sources. These regulations often include emission reduction requirements
and renewable energy mandates.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 59
 Future Outlook
• Global Expansion: The adoption of renewable energy is expected
to continue growing worldwide. Emerging economies are
increasingly investing in renewable technologies as part of their
development strategies.
• Integration Challenges: While the prospects are bright, integrating
renewable energy into existing energy systems poses challenges,
such as grid stability and intermittency. Addressing these
challenges will require continued innovation and investment.
• Technological Evolution: Future developments in renewable
technologies, such as advanced solar cells, offshore wind farms,
and next-generation biofuels, will further enhance the viability
and efficiency of renewable energy sources.

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 60
 Key Areas to Watch
• Decarbonization of Industry: Renewable energy will
play a crucial role in decarbonizing heavy industries
and manufacturing processes.
• Electrification of Transport: Expanding electric vehicle
adoption and improving charging infrastructure will be
critical for increasing renewable energy utilization.
• Global Collaboration: International cooperation in
research, technology transfer, and policy frameworks
will accelerate the global transition to renewable
energy.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 61
Growing Market Share:
SUMMARY
Increased Adoption: Rapid growth in renewable energy capacity and
investment due to decreasing costs and supportive policies.
Diverse Applications: Expansion beyond electricity generation to include
heating, cooling, and transportation.
Environmental Benefits:
Reduced Emissions: Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
compared to fossil fuels.
Lower Pollution: Minimal air and water pollution, contributing to better public
health and environmental protection.
Energy Security:
Local Resources: Renewable energy can be harnessed locally, reducing
dependence on imported fuels and enhancing energy resilience.
Diversification: Helps balance the energy mix and mitigate risks associated
with fossil fuel supply disruptions.
Economic Opportunities:
Job Creation: Growth in the renewable energy sector leads to new job
opportunities in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research.
Investment: Increasing investments in renewable technologies and
infrastructure stimulate economic growth.
MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 62
 REFERENCE
• https://booksdelivery.com/index.php?route=p
roduct/product&product_id=3215
• https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/och353
-energy-technology-notes-unit-iii/271270225
• https://www.studocu.com/in/document/sugu
na-college-of-engineering/energy-technology/
och353-energy-technology-unit-i/102268277

MZCET/EEE/VII Sem/OCH353_ET/Unit 1 63