Databases

Topic 7:
SQL 1

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Scope and Coverage

This topic will cover:
• History and purpose of SQL
• Basic concepts of SQL
• Datatypes in SQL

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Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Explain the purpose of SQL
• Outline the basic concepts of SQL
• Understand that there are different ‘flavours’ of
SQL

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Objectives of SQL
• Create the database and relation structures
• Perform basic tasks such as inserts, updates and
deletes
• Simple and complex queries

Structured Query Language

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Data Definition Language: DDL

• For defining database structures and controlling access to data

• CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX , CREATE SEQUENCE ,

GRANT ACCESS etc.

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Data Manipulation Language: DML

• For retrieving and updating data

• SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

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History of SQL - 1
• Developed from IBM’s SYSTEM R

• The database standard language by 1970s...

• First standard published in 1987 by ISO

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History of SQL - 2
• Addition to standard published 1989
• SQL 1992 – Major revision ‘SQL-92’
• SQL: 1999 - with object-relational features
• SQL: 2003 - introduced concept of ‘core SQL’
• SQL: 2006 – user of SQL with XML
• SQL: 2008 minor revisions.

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Data Manipulation Language: DML

• For retrieving and updating data

• SELECT – retrieving
• INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE – updating

Difference between INSERT and UPDATE?

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Literals
• Insert into Student (Stu_id, First_name,
Last_name)
• Values (1,’Satpal’,’Singh’);

- Non-numeric in single quotes

- Numeric NOT in quotes

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Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

From workers
Where branchType = ‘Main’
Group by branchID
Having Count (staff_id) > 1
Order by branchID

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Which columns will appear?

Select branchID, Count(staff_id)

Which table?
From workers Condition
Where branchType = ‘Main’ Groups by some column
Group by branchID Value

Having Count (staff_id) > 1 Restricts what will

Be grouped

Order by branchID
Specifies the order of the result

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Database Update
• Insert

• Update

• Delete

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Insert
• Insert into students (Student_id, first_name,
last_name)
• Values (1,’Satpal’,’Singh’);

• Insert into students

• Values (1,’Satpal’,’Singh’,’Overseas’,’Undergrad’);

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Update
• Update Students
• Set Student_type = ‘Undergrad’;

• Update Students
• Set student_type = ‘Undergrad’
• Where student_id = 1;

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Delete
• Delete from Students;

• Delete from Students

• Where student_id = 1;

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Activity
• Departments

• Department_Id Integer

• Department_Name varchar 30

• Location varchar 30

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• Departments
• Department_Id Integer
• Department_Name varchar 30
• Location varchar 30

• Insert into Departments

• Values (8,’Complaints’,’Glasgow’):

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Commit;

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Rollback;

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Datatypes

• What is a datatype?
u ch
r e m t
• What is a domain? s a r e n
e
p yd i f f e
t a t y L
a
D cte d b S Q
o f
af f e ou rs ’
v
‘fla

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String Datatypes
• Character or Char
• Varying Character of Varchar
• Bit (N)
• Bit varying

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Char or Varchar
• ‘Gary__’ a 6 long Char

• ‘Gary’ a 6 long varchar

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Numeric Datatypes
• Numeric or Decimal, e.g. 8.23 with point set

• Integer, e.g. 8

• Float, e.g. 8.23 but could also be changed so that

point moves when needed

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Datetime Types
• Date

• Time

• Timestamp

• Interval

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Advantages of SQL
• Universal

• Easy to use

• Fits (more or less) with relational model

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Disadvantages of SQL
• Does not support all features of relational model

• No one standard

• Has had to be extended

• Much redundancy – possible to do the same thing

many ways

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Learning Outcomes – Have We

Met Them?
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
• Explain the purpose of SQL
• Outline the basic concepts of SQL
• Understand that there are different ‘flavours’ of
SQL

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References
• Benyon-Davis, P. (2003). Database Systems, 3rd
edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 11, 12 & 13.
• Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems:
A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation,
and Management, 4th Edition. Addison Wesley.
Chapters 5, 6 & 7.
• Dietrich, S. W. (2001). Understanding Relational
Database Query Languages, 1st edition. Prentice
Hall. Chapter 5.

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Topic 7 – SQL 1

Any Questions?

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