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Lec 2 AV-303 DC Machines Fundamentals and Rotating Loop Between Magnets

dc machines

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11 views30 pages

Lec 2 AV-303 DC Machines Fundamentals and Rotating Loop Between Magnets

dc machines

Uploaded by

uzairrao334
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AV-303

ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Lecture No 02

DC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS

Book: Electric Machinery Fundamentals 5th ed


Reference : Text Book Ch 7.1, Class Notes
LECTURE OBJECTIVE
• Discussion about a simple rotating loop
between curved pole faces
DC MACHINERY FUNDAMENTALS

• DC machines are
– Generators that convert mechanical energy to
DC electric energy.
– Motors that convert DC electric energy to
mechanical energy.
The Bottom Line of Electric
Machines
1. A Current carrying conductor has a magnetic
field around it
2. Time-varying magnetic field produces a voltage
in a coil if it passes through it
3. Current carrying wire in the presence of a
magnetic field has a force induced on it
4. Moving wire in the presence of magnetic field
has voltage induced on it
Governing Equations
For Motors For Generators
Fleming’s RHR
A Simple Rotating Loop between
Curved Pole Faces

 It consists of a single loop of wire rotating about a


fixed axis. The rotating part is called rotor, and the stationary
part is the stator.

 The magnetic field for the machine is supplied by the


magnetic north and south poles.
A Simple Rotating Loop between Curved Pole Faces
A Simple Rotating Loop between Curved Pole Faces
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP
 If the rotor of this machine is rotated, a voltage will be
induced in the wire loop

 The loop of wire shown is rectangular, with sides ab and cd


perpendicular to the plane of the page and with sides bc and
da parallel to the plane of the page
The magnetic field is constant and
perpendicular to the surface of the rotor
everywhere under the pole faces and
rapidly falls to zero beyond the edges of
the poles
The equation for voltage induced on a
wire moving in the magnetic field is:
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP

1. Segment ab. In this segment, the velocity of the wire is


tangential to the path of rotation. The magnetic field B points
out perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the pole
face and is zero beyond the edges of the pole face. Under the
pole face, velocity v is perpendicular to B, and the quantity
v × B points into the page. Therefore, the induced voltage on
the segment is
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP

2. Segment cd. In this segment, the velocity of the wire is


tangential to the path of rotation. The magnetic field B points in
perpendicular to the rotor surface everywhere under the pole
face and is zero beyond the edges of the pole face. Under the
pole face, velocity v is perpendicular to B, and the quantity
v × B points out of the page. Therefore, the induced voltage on
the segment is
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP

3. Segment bc. In this segment, the quantity v × B is either into


or out of the page, while length l is in the plane of the page, so
v × B is perpendicular to l. Therefore, the voltage in segment bc
will be zero:

4. Segment da. Just as in segment bc, v × B is perpendicular to


l. Therefore, the voltage in this segment will be zero, too:

The total induced voltage on the loop eind is given by:


THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP

• When the loop rotates through 180°, segment ab is under


the north pole face instead of the south pole face. At that
time, the direction of the voltage on the segment reverses,
but its magnitude remains constant. The resulting voltage etot
is shown below:
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP
THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN A ROTATING LOOP

=πrl

In general, the Voltage in any real machine will depend on the three
factors:
1. The flux in the machine
2. The angular velocity of the rotor
3. A constant representing the construction of the machine
Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop

• Two semi-circular conducting segments are added to the


end of the loop, and two fixed contacts are set up at an
angle such that at the instant when the voltage in the loop
is zero, the contacts short-circuit the two segments

• Thus, every time the voltage of the loop switches direction,


the contacts also switches connections, and the output of
the contacts is always built up in the same way. This
connection-switching process is known as commutation.
The rotating semi-circular segments are called
commutator segments, and the fixed contacts are called
brushes.
Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop
Getting DC voltage out of the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop

In general, the Torque in any real machine will depend on the three
factors:

1. The flux in the machine


2. The current in the machine
3. A constant representing the construction of the machine
The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
• Thus, the torque produced in the machine is the product of
the flux in the machine and the current in the machine,
times some quantity representing the mechanical
construction of the machine (the percentage of the rotor
covered by pole faces).
• In general, the torque in any real machine will depend on
the same three
factors:
1. The flux in the machine
2. The current in the machine
3. A constant representing the construction of
the machine
NEXT TIME
• The Internal Generated Voltage & Induced
torque Equations of Real DC Machines

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