ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

Computer
Fundamentals
Lecture 1
Computer Fundamentals and Programming
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Outline of Topics

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

• Introduction to Computers
• Basic Computer Organization
• Application Software
• Word Processing
• Spreadsheet
• Number Systems 2
 ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm
A journey of a
thousand miles is
started by taking the
first step. 3
-- Chinese Proverb
 Section 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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What is a “Computer”?

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STORES COMPUTES
INFORMATION

GAMES CALCULATES

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PROCESSES
Data Processing

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DATA

Capture Data

Manipulate Data

Output Results

INFORMATION 6
 Aut
om
atic
Spe
ed
Acc
ura
cyD
ili
gen
ceV P
er o
satiwe
lityr of
Re
me
mb
N
eri o
I
ng QNo
Fee
Characteristics of a Computer

ling
s
7

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Evolution of Computers

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▪ Charles Babbage is considered to be
the father of modern digital computers
– He designed “Difference Engine” in
1822
– He designed a fully automatic analytical
engine in 1842 for performing basic
arithmetic functions
– His efforts established a number of
principles that are fundamental to the
design of any digital computer 8
Computer Generations

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

• “Generation” in computer talk is a step in
technology. It provides a framework for the
growth of the computer industry
• Originally it was used to distinguish between
various hardware technologies, but now it has
been extended to include both hardware and
software
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• Till today, there are five computer generations
Computer Generations

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1st Vacuum Tubes Punch Cards
Electromagnetic
Relay Memory

2nd Transistors
Magnetic Core
Memory
Disks for Secondary
Storage

Larger Capacity
3 rd Ics with SSI & MSI
Tech.
Minicomputers Disks and Smaller
Size

4 th Ics with VLSI Tech.

Personal
Computers
Microprocessors

5th Ics with ULSI Tech. Cluster Computing Optical Disks 10

 Tube
Vacuum

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 Card
Punch

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 First

Computers
Generation

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Transistors
Second Generation and

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 Third Computer Generation & ICs

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 Computers
Fourth Generation

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 Computers
Fifth Generation

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 Section 2

BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

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Basic Operations

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• The process of entering data and instructions into the
Inputting
computers
• Saving data and instructions to make them readily available for
Storing
initial or additional processing whenever required
• Performing arithmetic operations (add, subtract, multiply,
divide, etc.) or logical operations (comparisons like equal to,
Processing
less than, greater than, etc.) on data to convert them into
useful information
• The process of producing useful information or results for the
Outputting
user as a printed report or visual display
• Directing the manner and sequence in which all the above
Controlling
operations are performed 19
 Basic Org. of a Comp. System

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

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Input Unit

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• Commonly called as an “Input Device”
• Allows you to enter information.
• Fundamental pieces of information:
• Keystrokes
• Clicks
• Other Input Devices:
• Scanner
• Camera
• Etc. 21
Output Unit

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

• Commonly referred to as “Output Devices”
• Allows you to present soft or hard copy of information
• Common output devices:
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Other Output Devices:

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Storage Unit

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• Primary : Main Memory
• Device or component that can store nonvolatile data in
computers
• Can hold/store data and applications for a short period of time
• Secondary:
• Can hold/store data and applications for a longer period of time
• Hard Disk
• CD / DVD
• Portable Drives 23
• Solid State Ddrives
 Section 3

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

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Word Processor

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• A computer program used to write and revise documents,
compose the layout of the text, and preview on a computer
monitor how the printed copy will appear. (
https://www.britannica.com/technology/word-processor)
• Modern Word Processors adopts the WYSIWYG (pronounced wi-
ze-wig) capability.
• “What You See Is What You Get”
• Examples:
• MS Word (Microsoft Office)
• Writer (LibreOffice) 25
• Word Perfect (Corel)
 MS Word

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Spreadsheet

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• A computer program that represents information in a two-
dimensional grid of data, along with formulas that relate the data.
(https://www.britannica.com/technology/spreadsheet)
• generally include the ability to convert data into various types of
graphs (such as pie charts and bar graphs) and are often
integrated with other software, such as word processors and
database programs
• Examples:
• MS Excel (Microsoft Office)
• Calc (LibreOffice)
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• Google Sheets (Google Docs)
 MS Excel

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 Section 5

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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Fundamental types

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1. Non-Positional number systems
a) Each symbol represents the same value regardless of
its position in the number
b) difficult to perform arithmetic with such a number
system
2. Positional number systems
a) Use only a few symbols called digits
b) symbols represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number
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c) maximum value of a single digit is always equal to
one less than the value of the base
Representing Numbers

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• common practice to indicate the base
as a subscript

101012 = 2110
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Common Number Systems

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• Decimal (Base 10)
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
• Binary (Base 2)
• 0, 1
• Octal (Base 8)
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
• Hexadecimal (Base 16)
• 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F 32
Any Other Base to Decimal

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Method:
1. Determine the column (positional) value of
each digit
2. Multiply the obtained column values by the
digits in the corresponding columns
3. Calculate the sum of these products

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CA316 = ?10 Note: 1010 = A16 ; 1110 = B16 ; 1210 = C16 ;
1310 = D16 ; 1410 = E16 ; 1510 = F16

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

CA3 = (12 x 162) + (10 x 161) + (3 x 160)
= 3072 + 160 + 3
= 323510

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 Decimal to Any Other Base

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

Division-Remainder Method:
1. Divide the decimal number to be converted by the value of the
new base
2. Record the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit (least
significant digit) of the new base number
3. Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new base.
4. Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to the left) of
the new base number.
Repeat Steps 3 and 4, recording remainders from right to left, until the
quotient becomes zero in Step 3. Note that the last remainder thus 35
obtained will be the most significant digit (MSD) of the new base
number.
 Decimal to Any Other Base

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75310 = ?8

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8 753 Remainders
94 1
11 6 75310 = 13618
1 3
0 1

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29810 = ?16

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16 298 Remainders
18 10 A
1 2
0 1

29810 = 12A16
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Any Base to Another Base

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Method:
1. Convert the
original number to
a decimal number
(base 10).
2. Convert the
decimal number
obtained to the 39
new base number.
NUMBER CONVERSION SHORTCUTS

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Binary to Octal

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Method
Step 1: Divide the digits in groups of three starting from
the right

Step 2: Convert each group of three binary digits to one

octal digit using the method of binary to decimal
conversion
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Binary to Octal (con’t.)

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

EXAMPLE
11010102 = ?8
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of 3 starting from the right
001 101 010

Step 2: Convert each group into one octal digit

0012 = (0 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) = 1
1012 = (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) = 5
0102 = (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (0 x 20) = 2
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Hence, 11010102 = 1528
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Octal to Binary

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

METHOD
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to a 3 digit binary
number (the octal digits may be treated as
decimal for this conversion)

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 3

digits each) into a single binary number

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Octal to Binary (con’t.)

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

EXAMPLE
5628 = ?2
Step 1: Convert each octal digit to 3 binary digits
58 = 1012, 68 = 1102, 28 = 0102
Step 2: Combine the binary groups
5628 = 101 110 010
5 6 2
Hence, 5628 = 1011100102 47
Binary to Hexadecimal

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METHOD
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four
starting from the right

Step 2: Combine each group of four binary digits to one

hexadecimal digit

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Binary to Hexadecimal (con’t.)

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

EXAMPLE
1111012 = ?16
Step 1: Divide the binary digits into groups of four
starting from the right
0011 1101
Step 2: Convert each group into a hexadecimal digit
00112 = (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21) + (1 x 20) = 316
11012 = (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20) = D16
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Hence, 1111012 = 3D16
Hexadecimal to Binary

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METHOD
Step 1: Convert the decimal equivalent of each
hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary number

Step 2: Combine all the resulting binary groups (of 4

digits each) in a single binary number

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Hexadecimal to Binary (con’t.)

ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm

EXAMPLE
2AB16 = ?2
Step 1: Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4 digit binary
number
216 = 210 = 00102
A16 = 1010 = 10102
B16 = 1110 = 10112
Step 2: Combine the binary groups
2AB16 = 0010 1010 1011 = 10101010112 51

2 A B
 ENGG-0304 – 1st Semester SY 2021-2022 :: tftm
“640K ought to be
enough for anybody.”
-Bill Gates (1981)

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