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Physics 1 Measurement

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30 views28 pages

Physics 1 Measurement

study

Uploaded by

rxxnxbxx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENERAL

PHYSICS 1
Measurement
METRIC CONVERSION

E P T G M K H D m d c m µ n p f
a
Exa Peta Terra Giga Mega micro nano pico femto atto
CONVERSION FACTOR

Temperature
C = (F – 32)5/9
F = (C x 9/5) + 32
K = C + 273.15
R = (C x 9/5) + 491.67
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION &
ENGINEERING NOTATION

Scientific Notation – (1-9 x 10^ +/- exponent)


3500 = 3.5 x 10^3
0.0036 = 3.6 x 10^-3
Engineering Notation (1-999 x 10 ^ +/-
multiple of 3)
27000 = 27 x10^3
0.00025 = 250 x 10^ -6
DENSITY

 Density – mass of a unit volume of


a material substance.
 density = mass/volume
 Mass – in terms of g, kg
 Volume – in terms of cm^3, m^3 or
ml
ACCURACY VS PRECISION
Accuracy refers to the closeness of
a measured value to a standard
value or known
value.
Precision refers to the closeness of
two or more measurements to each
other.
RANDOM ERROR VS SYSTEMATIC
ERROR
 Random errors
It usually results from the experimenter’s inability to take the
same measurement in exactly the same way to get exactly the
same number.
The uncertain disturbances occurring in the experiment is
known as the random errors. Such types of errors remain in the
experiment even after the removal of the systematic error. The
magnitude of error varies from one reading to another. The
random errors are inconsistent and occur in both the
directions.
The presence of random errors is determined only when the different readings
are
obtained for the measurement of the same quantity under the same condition.
 Systematic errors
There are reproducible inaccuracies that are
consistently in the same direction. Systematic
errors are often due to a problem which persists
throughout the entire experiment. Note that
systematic and random errors refer to problems
associated with making measurements. Mistakes
made in the calculations or in reading the
instrument are not considered in error analysis. It
is assumed that the experimenters are careful and
competent!
The constant error occurs in the experiment because of the
imperfection of the mechanical structure of the apparatus is
known as the systematic error. The systematic errors arise
because of the incorrect calibration of the device.
The error is mainly categorized into three types:
 Instrumental Error
 Environmental Error
 Observational Error
 Instrumental Error – The instrumental
error occurs because of three reasons.
1. Misuse of the apparatus.
2. Imperfection in the mechanical
structure of the apparatus.
3. The error occurs because of the loading
effect.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
1. All non-zero integers are significant.
Example: 412945 has 6 sig figs.
2. Zeros are significant depending on what kind of zeros they are.
a. Zeros that are between non-zero integers are always
significant.
Example: The zeros in 100045, 600.4545, and 23.04 are all
significant because they are between non-zero integers.
b. Zeros that come before non-zero integers are never
significant.
Example: The zeros in 098, 0.3, and 0.000000000389 are
not significant because they are all in front of non-zero integers.
c. If the zeros come after non-zero integers and are followed by a decimal point, the
zeros are significant.
Example: The zeros in 1000. are significant because they are followed by a
decimal point.

d. If the zeros come after non-zero integers but are not followed by a decimal point,
the zeros are not significant.
Example: The zeros in 1000 are not significant because they are not followed by a
decimal point.

e. If the zeros come after non-zero integers and come after the decimal point, they are
significant.
Example: The zeros in 9.89000 are significant because they come both after non-
zero
integers and after the decimal point.
3. For a number in scientific notation: N x 10^x,
all digits comprising N are significant; "10" and
"x" are
NOT significant. 5.02 x 10^4 has THREE significant
figures: "5.02." "10 and "4" are not significant.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
When adding/subtracting, the answer should have the same
number of decimal places as the limiting term. The limiting term is
the number with the least decimal places.
Example:
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
When multiplying/dividing, the answer should have
the same number of significant figures as the
limiting term. The limiting term is the number with
the least number of significant figures.
HOW MANY SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ARE IN EACH OF
THE
FOLLOWING NUMBERS?
EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING NUMBER IN SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION WITH CORRECT SIGNIFICANT FIGURE.
ABSOLUTE ERROR
the difference between the actual and
measured value. .

EA = A V - MV
RELATIVE ERROR
the Absolute Error divided by the actual
measurement

ER = EA/ AV
PERCENTAGE ERROR

the relative error in percentage

EP = (EA/AV)X100
AVERAGE MEAN
𝑥1+𝑥2+𝑥3
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛=
𝑁
STANDARD DEVIATION
To calculate the standard deviation for a
sample of N measurement:
1 Sum all the measurements and divide
by N to get the average, or mean.
2 Now, subtract this average from each
of the N measurements to
STANDARD DEVIATION
3. Square each of these N deviations and add
them all up.
4 Divide this result by (N − 1) and take the
square root. We can write out the
formula for the standard deviation as follows.
Let the N measurements be
called x1, x2, ..., xN. Let the average of the N

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