University of Engineering and Technology , TAXILA

Electromechanical Systems-1 (Presentation)

Section : A (2k10) Group: A-1

PRESENTORS
Hannan Ahmed (10-EE-4) Usman Khalid (10-EE-187)

Topic: Transformer

Main Objectives
Intro Basic

Principle Detailed operation

circuit test Short circuit test Voltage regulation and efficiency

Introduction

A device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. Most transformers are designed to either step voltage up or to step it down, although some are used only to isolate one voltage

Basic principle

It is based on two principles: An electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) Second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coils.Phenomenon (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil in short it works on the principle of

Basic Operation

The transformer works on the principle that energy can be efficiently transferred by magnetic induction from one winding to another winding by a varying magnetic field produced by alternating current . An electrical voltage is induced when there is a relative motion between a wire and a magnetic field. Alternating current (AC) provides the motion required by changing direction which creates a collapsing and expanding magnetic field .

Detailed Operation

An ideal transformer model assume a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When ac voltage is applied to the primary winding, a small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the core. The current required is termed as magnetizing current. Since the ideal core has near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field. The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs.

Detailed Operation (continued)

The primary EMF, acting as it does in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF".( This is due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.) Direct current (DC) is not transformed, as DC does not vary its magnetic field.

 Model

Of An Ideal Transformer

Approximate Equivalent Circuit

Copper Losses

Power loss in the windings is current-dependent and is represented as in-series resistances Rp and Rs.

Flux

Leakage

Flux leakage results in a fraction of the applied voltage dropped without contributing to the mutual coupling, and thus can be modeled as reactance of each leakage inductance Xp and Xs in series with the perfectly coupled region.

 Core Loss Current

Iron losses are caused mostly by hysteresis and eddy current effects in the core. Such losses are proportional to the square of the core flux for operation at a given frequency. Since the core flux is proportional to the applied voltage, (in phase) the iron loss can be represented by a resistance RC in parallel with the ideal transformer

Magnetization Current
A core with finite permeability requires a magnetizing current Im to maintain the mutual flux in the core. The magnetizing current is in phase with the flux; saturation effects cause the relationship between the two to be non-linear, but for simplicity this effect tends to be ignored in most circuit equivalents. With a sinusoidal supply, the core flux lags the induced EMF by 90 and this effect can be modeled as a magnetizing reactance (reactance of an effective inductance) Xm in parallel with the core loss component. Rc and Xm are sometimes together termed the magnetizing branch of the model. If the secondary winding is made open-circuit, the current I0 taken by the magnetizing branch represents the transformer's

Referred Transformer Model

The secondary impedance Rs and Xs is frequently moved (or "referred") to the primary side after multiplying the components by the impedance scaling factor (Np/Ns)2.

Referred Transformer Model (continued)

The resulting model is sometimes termed the "exact equivalent circuit", though it retains a number of approximations . Analysis may be simplified by moving the magnetizing branch to the left of the primary impedance. an implicit assumption that the magnetizing current flowing in excitation branch is low as compared to the load causes a negligible drop in Rp & Xp. summing primary and referred secondary impedances, resulting in so-called equivalent impedance.

Parameters Of Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

The parameters of equivalent circuit of a transformer can be calculated from the results of two transformer tests: open-circuit test. short-circuit test.

Open

circuit test or no load test

one of the methods used to determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer.

Method (open circuit test)

The secondary windings of the transformer are left open-circuited while a full-rated voltage is applied to the primary winding. A wattmeter is connected to the primary. An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary draws only no load current. This no load current (magnetization current) is negligible. As the copper losses depend on current they can be neglected. But as the rated voltage is applied, the iron loss will be present and is maximum. Since the impedance of the series winding of the transformer is very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch. Wattmeter only measures iron losses.

Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and power factor angle

Circuit diagram for the open-circuit test of the transformer

Measured quantities

V1, I0, P0

&

V2

Since Io << In and R1 << RFe , Xs1 << X the modified equivalent circuit is as shown in figure

Calculation
From the measured quantities the following parameters can be calculated:

p =E/Rfe=V/Rfe Rfe=V/P X=E/I=V/I

Equivalent circuit of the transformer at the open circuit test

Phasor Diagram
According to the phasor diagram of Fig., which corresponds to the equivalent circuit of Fig, the magnetizing current:

I=(I-Ife)
Where,

Ife=P /V

Phasor diagram at open-circuit test corresponding with the equivalent circuit in previous fig.

Short Circuit Test

The test determines the series branch parameters of the equivalent circuit.

Method
In this test primary applied voltage, the current and power input are measured keeping the secondary terminals short circuited. Let these values be Vsc, Isc and Wsc respectively. The supply voltage required to circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the nominal voltage. The excitation current which is only 1% or less even at rated voltage becomes negligibly small during this test and hence is neglected. The shunt branch is thus assumed to be absent. Wsc is the sum of the copper losses in primary and secondary put together

Circuit Diagram

Circuit diagram of the transformer at short-circuit test Since Ie << Isc , the equivalent circuit is as

Measured quantities: V1 , Isc , Psc . Since:

Psc = Rsc Isc

Rsc=R+R =Psc/Isc Zsc=Vsc/Isc

Phasor Diagram

Phasor diagram at short-circuited secondary

Transformer Operation at on-Load Condition

Simplified equivalent circuit of the transformer at on-load operation

Phasor Diagram At Inductive Load

Phasor Diagram At Capacitive Load

V-I Characteristics Of

V-I characteristics (external characteristics) at V1 = const, f=const, PF=const.

Thank You for your indulgence