Lesson 1 Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS
THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
• Discuss how the ideas postulated by Copernicus,
Darwin, and Freud contributed to the spark of
scientific revolution; and
• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various

parts of the world like in Latin America, East Asia,
Middle East, and Africa.
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
• Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and
all available systematic explanations and
observations about the natural and physical world.
• Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a

systematic and physical study of the natural and
physical world.
• Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a
discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge
that deals with the process of learning about the
natural and physical world.
• Science as a personal and social activity. This
explains that science is both knowledge and
activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them.
• Humans developed noble ideas:
⚬ Philosophy- to provide alternative or possible
explanations to certain phenomena.
• Humans used religion to rationalize the origins of life

and all lifeless forms.
• The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have
started in the early 16th to 18th century in Europe.
Why in Europe?
• Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy,
biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature.
• Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to

scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moment to
some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or
condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve
their faith, religion, and theological views.
SOME INTELLECTUALS AND THEIR REVOLUTIONARY
IDEAS
Creativity SCIENTIST SCIENCE IDEAS
Passion to know SCIENCE

Curiosity DISCOVERIES
Passion to
discover TECHNOLOGY
Critical Thinking
NICOLAUS
COPERNICUS
• Knowledge about the nature of the universe.

• His ideas were an example of what is presently
called as a though experiment.
CHARLES DARWIN
CHARLES DARWIN
• Famous for his theory of evolution.
• Darwin’s major contributions:
⚬ Evolutionary biology
⚬ Philosophy of science
SIGMUND FREUD
• Famous figure in the field of
psychology.
• Develop a method known as
psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis was proven
effective in understanding some
neurological conditions.
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mayan Civilization
• The Mayan civilization is one of the

famous civilizations and known for their
works in astronomy.
• The Mayans are also known for measuring
time using two calendar systems.
Mayan Civilization
• The Mayans also developed the

technology for growing different crops and
building elaborate cities using ordinary
machineries and tools.
Mayan Civilization
• They used tools and adapt themselves to
innovations especially in the fields of arts.
• The Mayans built looms for weaving cloth
and devised a rainbow of glittery paints
made from a mineral called mica.
Mayan Civilization
• The Mayans are considered one of the
most scientifically advanced societies in
Mesoamerica.
• They are also famous as one of the world's
first civilizations to use a writing system
known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
Inca Civilization
• The Incas made advanced scientific ideas
considering their limitations as old
civilization.
Inca Civilization
• roads paved with stones;
• stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters;
• irrigation system and technique for storing
water for their crops to grow in all types of
land;
Inca Civilization
• calendar with 12 months to mark their
religious festivals and prepare them for
planting season;
• the first suspension bridge;
• quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep
records that only experts can interpret;
and
Inca Civilization
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
specially prized artistic achievements.
Aztec Civilization
• Mandatory education. Puts value on
education.
• Chocolates. Developed chocolate during
their time.
• Antispasmodic medication. They used a
type of antispasmodic medication.
Aztec Civilization
• Chinampa. used for agricultural farming
in which the land was divided into
rectangular areas and surrounded by
canals.
• Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan

their activities, rituals and planting
Aztec Civilization
• Invention of the canoe. A light narrow
boat used for travelling in water systems.
Development of Science in Asia
Asia
• India is a huge
India peninsula surrounded
by vast bodies of
water and fortified by
huge mountains in its
northern boarders.
India
• India is also famous in medicine.
⚬ Ayurveda, a system of traditional
medicine that originated in ancient
India
• Susruta Samhita, describes different
surgical and other medicinal procedures
famous in Ancient India.
India
• Ancient India is notable in the field of astronomy.
⚬ Siddhanta Shiromani
￭ longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the
planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation;
syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of
the planets; rising and settings; the moon's crescent;
conjunctions of the planets with each other;
conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and
the paths of the Sun and Moon.
India
• Ancient India is known for their mathematics.
⚬ Earliest traces were in the Indian subcontinent in the
Indus Valley Civilization.
⚬ Mohenjodaro ruler- employed rulers made of ivory for
measuring length.
India
• Indian astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata
⚬ Aryabhatiya, introduced a number of trigonometric
functions, tables and techniques, and algorithms of
algebra.
• Brahmagupta, suggested that gravity was a force of
attraction and explained the use of zero as both placeholder
and a decimal digit along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral
system.
India
• Madhava of Sangamagrama considered as the founder of
mathematical analysis.
China
• China is one of the ancient civilizations with
substantial contributions.
⚬ medicine • The Chinese are known for
⚬ astronomy traditional medicines.
⚬ science ⚬ practice of acupuncture
⚬ mathematics
⚬ arts
⚬ philosophy
⚬ music
China
• Chinese are known to develop many tools.
⚬ compass ⚬ iron ⚬ different models
⚬ papermaking ⚬ plough of bridges.
⚬ gunpowder ⚬ wheelbarrow ⚬ invented the first
⚬ printing tools ⚬ propeller seismological
detector
⚬ developed a dry
dock facility
China
• Chinese made significant records on:
⚬ supernovas
⚬ lunar and solar eclipses
⚬ comets
• The Chinese are also known in seismology.
⚬ to prepare them in time of natural calamities.
China
• Other contributions:
⚬ mathematics
⚬ logic
⚬ philosophy
⚬ medicine
Middle East Countries
• The Middle East countries are
dominantly occupied by
Muslims.
⚬ Muslim scholarship or
Golden Age of Islam
• Ibn al-Haytham as the Father
of Optics
• Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarismi- a mathematician gave
his name to the concept of the algorithm.
• The term algebra is derived from al-jabr.
⚬ number system, such as the introduction of decimal
point notation.
• Muslim chemists and alchemists also played an important
role in the foundation of modern chemistry.
⚬ Jabir ibn-Hayyan is considered to be the “Father of
Chemistry”
• Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine
and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.
⚬ Book of Healing
⚬ Canon of Medicine
• science
• mathematics
• astronomy
• philosophy
• social science
Development of Science in Africa
Africa
• Africa is blessed with natural and
mineral sources.
Africa
• Ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely
and made significant advances in the fields of:
⚬ astronomy
⚬ mathematics
⚬ medicine
• The early science in Egypt were developed to improve the
quality of life of the Egyptians.
Africa
• Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known
as the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
• They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and

applied important components.
Africa
• Astronomy was also famous in the African region.
• Africans used three types of calendars:
⚬ lunar
⚬ solar
⚬ stellar
Africa
• Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the
ancient times.
• They invented metal tools used in their homes, in

agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures.
Africa
• Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of
early people in the African continent.
• The Lebombo Bone, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical
calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is considered to
be the oldest known mathematical artifact
ORAL RECITATION
• How did society shape science and how did science shape society?
• How do social and human issues influence science?
• How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society affect the
development of scientific culture, science activities, and science literacy?
• Considering the current state of our society, do you think science literacy among
people has contributed to the growth of our economy?
• How can science influence government policies?
ACTIVITY
1. Form a small group.
2. Review the history of science and make a timeline highlighting the major
discoveries and developments in science.

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INTELLECTUAL

• Analyze how scientific revolution is done in various

• Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a

• Humans used religion to rationalize the origins of life

• Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to

Passion to know SCIENCE

• Knowledge about the nature of the universe.

• The Mayan civilization is one of the

• The Mayans also developed the

• Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan

• They tried to study human anatomy and pharmacology, and

• They invented metal tools used in their homes, in

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