Induction Motors
INTRODUCTION
Induction Motor is an AC electric motor
Most common machine in industry
Has a stator and a rotor just like other motors
Single Phase Induction Motor,
3 Phase Induction Motor.
Rotor
Rotor is the rotating part of the induction motor
the shaft of the motor
Load is connected to the shaft of rotor
laminated cylindrical core
cylindrical core has slots
copper conductors which are joined at ends
A fan is attached to the back side of the
rotor to provide heat exchange, and
hence it maintains the temperature of the
motor under a limit.
Stator
stationary part of the induction motor.
outer cylindrical frame
laminated iron segments stacked together
has slots to hold the stator windings
stator windings supplied by an AC power source
Results in a stator magnetic field
Working Principle of Induction Motors
stator windings supplied by an AC power source
AC oscillations creates a changing magnetic in the
stator windings
The flux lines of the stator magnetic field will cut the
conductors of rotor.
due to electromagnetic induction a voltage and current
is induced in rotor
The rotor current creates a rotor magnetic field
The relative movement between these two field
produces a torque
Torque causes rotor to turn/spin
Some Parameters of an Induction Motor
Poles
Holds the stator windings
Number of poles of an induction motor is denoted by
“p”.
A single phase AC machine has 2 poles of opposite
polarity set at 180 degree apart.
A simplest 3 phase machine has 6 poles which are set at
60 degree apart.
Some Parameters of an Induction Motor
Synchronous Speed
It is the speed of rotation of stator’s magnetic field
denoted by “n_s”.
n_s= 2f/p
Where, f = frequency of AC supply
p = no. of poles
Some Parameters of an Induction Motor
Slip
the difference between synchronous speed and
operating speed. expressed as a ratio.
the difference between stator's magnetic field and
rotor's mechanical speed of the induction motor.
s=(n_s-n_r)/n_s
Types of Induction Motors
Single phase and three phase are the two types of
an AC Induction Motor.
Single phase motors are used for smaller loads
3 phase motors are the most common used motors for
high load and industrial applications.
According to the type of rotor
3 phase induction motors are divided into two types
squirrel cage
slip ring /wound type motor.
most commonly used is the squirrel cage
Single Phase Induction Motors
operates on a single phase AC power source
used in the applications where requirement of power is low
Some of the uses include fans, washing machines, pumps,
vacuum cleaners, compressors, power tools
this motor cannot generate a rotating magnetic field.
it produces a magnetic field which pulsates
initial torque or starting torque of a single phase
induction motor is very low
this motor cannot a self start?????????? Fan at home
to overcome this starting problem, capacitor can be used to
build the starting torque.
Single phase motors are simple in construction and
cheaper for small power ratings
Maintenance and repair of a single phase motor is very
easy
The efficiency and power factor is low
3 Phase Induction Motors
operates on three phase AC supply
When we apply a three-phase supply to a three-phase
distributed winding of a rotating machine, a rotating
magnetic field is produced
If we consider three phases a, b, and c when phase a
gets magnetized, the rotor will move towards the phase
a winding a, in the next moment phase b will get
magnetized and it will attract the rotor, and then phase
c. So the rotor will continue to rotate.
The rotation speed of the magnetic field is called
synchronous speed
Relative speed of the stator’s magnetic field and
rotor’s magnetic field is the driving force for the
rotor
the speed of rotation of its rotor is less than
stator.
Sufficient torque is obtained via electromagnetic
induction from the rotating magnetic field of the
stator winding
Self starting
the speed of rotor is always maintained less than
synchronous speed to keep it moving.
Synchronous Speed
Speed of the rotating magnetic field of the stator
Induction motor works on the principle of induction.
If both rotating magnetic field of stator and rotor of
induction motor rotates with same speed
no emf is induced in the rotor conductors
resulting no torque is produced in the rotor of
induction machine
motor will not run or stop running.
Therefore in order to have torque for rotating the
rotor induced emf is required.
Hence Induction motor rotates with speeds less than
synchronous speed
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
The rotor of a squirrel cage type motor consists of
bars of copper
are short circuited together by means of copper
rings
Very simple in construction
wound rotor induction motor
Rotor has a 3 phase winding which is similar to stator’s
winding.
This winding is placed uniformly on slots of the rotor.
The endings of these windings are connected to 3 slip
rings on the shaft.
Each phase out of three phase is connected to a slip ring.
The slip rings of each phase rotate with rotor
Brushes are required
It is possible to adjust the speed by adding external
resistance
Equivalent Induction Motor Circuit
Same as transformer
Voltage applied to the primary is transformed
to the secondary
Stator functions as the primary
Rotor as the secondary
Application of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
They are particularly suited for applications
where:
be self-starting
Continuous running
Low starting torque is required
the motor must maintain a constant speed
there is a desire for low maintenance.
Lifts, Cranes, Hoists, industrial fans,
Driving machines, Crushers, extracting
equipment
Manufacturing, process and production
industries.
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
They are low cost
Construction is relatively simple
Require less maintenance
as there are no slip rings or brushes
They are rugged and robust and therefore very reliable
Good speed regulation
they are able to maintain a constant speed
High efficiency in converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy
while running, not during startup
Have better heat regulation
don’t get as hot
Small and lightweight
Explosion proof
as there are no brushes which eliminate the risks of
sparking
Disadvantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Very poor speed control
Energy efficient while running at full load
current,
they consume a lot of energy on startup
They are more sensitive to fluctuations in the
supply voltage.
When the supply voltage is reduced, induction
motor draws more current
They have high starting current
the starting current can be 5-10 times the full
load current
poor starting torque
Variable-Frequency Drive (VFD)
generally three-phase Squirrel Cage
induction motors are preferred as the most
economical & reliable
Some disadvantages of Squirrel Cage Motors
can be eliminated by using VFD
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type of
motor drive
used in electro-mechanical drive systems to
control AC motor speed and torque
varying motor input frequency
control voltage or current
Advantages of Slip ring induction motors
High starting torque
low starting current
Smooth acceleration under heavy loads
Adjustable speed
Not a popular choice in Industry
Much more costly
Poor efficiency during normal running
unreliable
Requires constant maintenance
Brushes & slip rings
Costly shutdowns
Comparison
Squirrel Cage
Slip Ring Motor
Motor
Cost Low High
Maintenance Low High
Speed Control Poor Good
Efficiency on
Poor Good
startup
Efficiency during
Good Poor
operation
Heat regulation Good Poor
In rush current &
High Low
torque
Induction Generators
An induction generator is an AC electrical generator
uses the principles of induction motors to produce
electric power
Induction generators operate by mechanically turning
their rotors faster than synchronous speed.
For a four-pole motor powered by a 60 Hz source, the
synchronous speed is 1800 rpm : 2f/p X 60
a prime mover (turbine or engine) drives the rotor above
the synchronous speed
A regular AC induction motor usually can be used as a
generator, without any internal modifications.
induction generators are useful in applications such as
mini hydro power plants and wind turbines
Statement
All alternators are generators but not all
generators are alternators
Question
What is the difference between alternators and
generators?
Portable Generators
two main types of portable generators:
conventional generators and inverter generators
both can run on gasoline, propane or diesel fuels
Conventional generators
are the larger, louder and more powerful
They’re typically strong enough to power larger tools,
electronics and appliances
Invertor Generators
smaller and less powerful than conventional
generators,
but they also provide cleaner energy and their
engines power up or down depending on demand.
limited in what you can power up,
but [they are] convenient, lightweight and efficient for
small appliances and devices,”
