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Interference & Diffraction

The document discusses various topics related to vibrations, waves, and optics including interference, diffraction, and applications of these principles. Some key points: - Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and their displacements are added. Constructive interference increases amplitude while destructive interference causes cancellation. - Diffraction patterns from single slits and gratings can be described by equations relating angular positions of maxima/minima to wavelength and slit/grating characteristics. - X-ray diffraction from crystal planes follows Bragg's law, relating diffraction angle to plane spacing. - Circular apertures produce diffraction patterns of alternating dark and bright rings described by equations involving aperture diameter and ring angular radii.

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salafisme
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134 views

Interference & Diffraction

The document discusses various topics related to vibrations, waves, and optics including interference, diffraction, and applications of these principles. Some key points: - Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and their displacements are added. Constructive interference increases amplitude while destructive interference causes cancellation. - Diffraction patterns from single slits and gratings can be described by equations relating angular positions of maxima/minima to wavelength and slit/grating characteristics. - X-ray diffraction from crystal planes follows Bragg's law, relating diffraction angle to plane spacing. - Circular apertures produce diffraction patterns of alternating dark and bright rings described by equations involving aperture diameter and ring angular radii.

Uploaded by

salafisme
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Vibrations, Waves & Optics

Interference refers to any situation in which 2 or


more waves overlap in space.
Then this occurs, the total wave at any point at
any instant of time is governed by the principle
of superposition.
When 2 or more waves overlap, the resulting
displacement at any point and at any instant is
found by adding the instantaneous
displacements that would be produced at the
point by the individual waves if each were
present alone.


Constructive and Destructive Interference
Constructive waves is when waves from 2 or
more sources arrive at a point in phase, the
amplitude of the resultant wave is the sum of the
amplitude of the individual waves.

Constructive and Destructive Interference
2 1
( 0, 1, 2, 3,...) (35.1) r r m m = =
Destructive waves is the cancellation or partial
cancellation of the individual waves.

Constructive and Destructive Interference
2 1
1
( 0, 1, 2, 3,...) (35.2)
2
r r m m
| |
= + =
|
\ .
The figure shows the red antinodal curves
superimposed.
All points on each curve satisfy Eq. (35.1) with
the value of m shown.
The nodal curves lie between each adjacent pair
of antinodal curves.

Youngs experiment
The brightest region on the screen occurs at
angles for which

sin ( 0, 1, 2,...) (35.4) d m m u = =
The path difference is a half-integral number of
wavelength,

( )
1
sin 0, 1, 2,... (35.5)
2
d m m u
| |
= + =
|
\ .
Let be the corresponding value of ; then

m
u
u
tan
m m
y R u =
When the angle is small,

sin
m m
y R u =
Combining this with Eq. (35.4),

(35.6)
m
m
y R
d

=
In a two-slit interference, the slits are 0.2 mm
apart, and the screen is at a distance 1 m. the third
bright fringe is found to be displaced 7.5 mm from
the central fringe. Find the wavelength of the light
used.
Solving Eq. (35.6), we have
( )( )
( )( )
3 3
7.5 10 0.2 10
500
3 1
m
y d
nm
mR



= = =
Solution
A radio station operating at 1500 kHz and has 2
identical vertical dipole spaced 400 m apart. At
distance greater than 400 m, what directions is the
intensity greatest in the resulting radiating
pattern?
Solution
Solving Eq. (35.6), we have
( )
200
sin 0, 30 , 90
400 2
m m m
d

u u = = = =
Figure (a) shows the shadow of horizontal slit
as incorrectly predicted by geometric optics.
Figure (b) shows a horizontal slit actually
produces a diffraction pattern.


The results is complete cancellation at P for the
combined light from the entire slit, giving a dark
fringe in the interference pattern.
A dark fringe occurs whenever

sin or sin (36.1)
2 2
a
a

u u = =
The condition for a dark fringe is

( )
sin 1, 2, 3,... (36.2)
m
m
a

u = =
We can rewrite the equation as

( )
1, 2, 3,...
m
m
a

u = =
For small angle,

(36.3)
m
m
y x
a

=
You pass 633 nm laser of light through a narrow
slit and observe the diffraction pattern on the
screen 6 m away. You find that the distance on the
screen between the centers of the first minima
outside the central bright fringe is 32 mm. How
wide is the slit?
Solution
From Eq. (36.3),
( )
( )
( )
9
4
3
1
6 633 10
2.4 10 0.24
32 10 / 2
x
a mm
y

= = = =

Width of the single-slit pattern


Figure (a) shows when the slit width a is
less than or equal to the wavelength,
the central maximum of the diffraction
pattern is spread out.

(b) and (c) is the angular width of the
central maximum decreases when the
ratio is increased, either by increasing
the slit width or by decreasing the
wavelength.
The figure shows in multiple-slit diffraction, rays
from every slit arrive in phase, giving a sharp
maximum if the path difference between
maximum if the path difference between
adjacent slits is a whole number wavelengths.
Here is a lens is used to give a Fraunhofer
pattern on a nearby screen.
Several Slits
Several Slits
Constructive interference occurs for rays at an
angle to the normal that arrive at point P with a
path difference between adjacent slits equal to
an integer number wavelengths,
Several Slits
( )
sin 0, 1, 2,... d m m u = =
The figure shows the interference patterns for N equally spaced very narrow
slits.
(a) shows 2 slits.
(b) shows 8 slits.
(c) shows 16 slits.
Several Slits
An array of a large number parallel slits, all with
the same width a and spaced equal distances d
between centers is called diffracting grating.
The figure shows the portion of a transmitting
diffraction grating. The separation between the
centers of adjacent slit is d.
So the positions of the maxima are once again
given by
( )
sin 0, 1, 2,... (36.13) d m m u = =
The first x-ray diffraction experiments were
performed in 1912.
The figure shows the model of the arrangement
of ions in a crystal.
Figure (a) shows the scattering of waves from a
rectangular array.
Figure (b) shows the interference of waves
scattered from adjacent atoms in a row is
constructive.
Figure (c) shows the interference from adjacent
rows is also constructive when the path
difference equals an integral number
wavelengths as in Eq. (35.16)
We can express the second condition as
( )
2 sin 1, 2,3,... (36.16) d m m u = =
The figure shows the cubic crystal and 2 different
families of crystal planes.
This phenomenon is called Bragg
reflection and Eq. (36.16) is called the
Bragg condition
You direct a beam of x rays with wavelength 0.154
nm at a certain planes of a silicon crystal. As you
increase the angle of incidence from zero, you find
the first strong interference maximum from these
planes when the beam makes an angle of an
with the plane.
a) how far apart are the planes?
b) will you find other interference maxima from
these planes at larger angles?
34.5
Solution
Using Eq. (36.16),
( )( )
1 0.154
0.136
2sin 2sin34.5
m
d nm

u
= = =

b) To calculate other angles, we use Eq. (36.16),


( )
( )
0.154
0.566
2sin 2 0.136
m nm
d m m
nm

u
= = =
The figure shows the diffraction pattern formed
by a circular aperture of diameter D.
The pattern consists of a central bright spot and
alternating dark and bright rings.
The angular radius of the 2
nd
dark ring is shown.
The central spot is called the Airy disk.
A widely used criterion for resolution
of 2 point objects, called Rayleighs
criterion.
The angular radius of the first dark ring is
1
sin 1.22 (36.17)
D

u =
The angular radius of the first dark ring is
2 3
sin 2.23 sin 3.24 (36.18)
D D

u u = =
Between these are bright rings with angular radii
given by
sin 1.63 2.68 3.70 (36.19)
D D D

u =
2 1
( 0, 1, 2, 3,...) (35.1) r r m m = =
2 1
1
( 0, 1, 2, 3,...) (35.2)
2
r r m m
| |
= + =
|
\ .
sin ( 0, 1, 2,...) (35.4) d m m u = =
( )
1
sin 0, 1, 2,... (35.5)
2
d m m u
| |
= + =
|
\ .
(35.6)
m
m
y R
d

=
sin or sin (36.1)
2 2
a
a

u u = =
( )
sin 1, 2, 3,... (36.2)
m
m
a

u = =
( )
sin 0, 1, 2,... (36.13) d m m u = =
( )
2 sin 1, 2,3,... (36.16) d m m u = =
1
sin 1.22 (36.17)
D

u =
2 3
sin 2.23 sin 3.24 (36.18)
D D

u u = =
(36.3)
m
m
y x
a

=
Light of wavelength and frequency passes
through a single slit of width a. The diffraction
pattern is observed on a screen a distance D
from the slit. Which of the following will
decrease the width of the central maximum, if
we decrease the slit width or the frequency?
Explain your reasoning.

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