Opening

Prayer
SLIDESMANIA.COM
ATTENDANCE
Terminologies/Topics to be
discussed:
●Elements
●Infinite Set ●Standard Sets of
●Finite Set Numbers
●Equality
●Numerical Sets
●Subsets
●Basic Properties of
●Proper Subsets
Sets
●Notations and Symbols
●Representation of a
●Supersets
Set
●Universal set
●Empty set/ Null Set
●Cardinality
●Complement
 SETS: AN
INTRODUCTIO
N
Objectives:
Illustrates well-defined sets
Name the elements of the set in
two ways
 Rule Method
 Listing/Roster Method
Cardinality
ACTIVITY
 GROUP OF …
Group them as you see fit and label each group

RED d BLUE
a 7
2
YELLOW GREEN
1 c b h
5 6
9 3
VIOLET g ORANGE
 Group them as you see fit and label each group

RED d BLUE
a 7
2
YELLOW GREEN
1 c b h
5 6
9 3
VIOLET g ORANGE
How many groups are
 GROUP OF …

NUMBERS LETTERS COLORS

 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
2
YELLOW b GREEN
1 c NUMBERS h
5 6
3
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
2
YELLOW b GREEN
1 c h
5 6
3
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
2
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
5 1 6
3
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
5 1 6
2
3
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
5 1 3 6
2
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
1 3
2 5 6
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a 7
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
1 3
2 5
6
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
1 3 7
2 5
6
VIOLETg ORANGE
9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
1 3 7
2 5
6 9
VIOLETg ORANGE
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a
YELLOW b LETTERS GREEN
c h
NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE
a
YELLOW b GREEN
c h
NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE

YELLOW b GREEN
c a h
NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
c a h
b NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED d BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
a h
bc NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
a d h
bc NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
a d
b ch NUMBERS

1 3 7
g VIOLET
ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
a d
ch
bg NUMBERS

1 3 7
2 5
ORANGE
VIOLET 6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE

YELLOW COLORS
GREEN
LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
VIOLET
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
VIOLET
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

BLUE

YELLOW GREEN
RED

LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
VIOLET
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

YELLOW GREEN
RED BLUE

LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
VIOLET
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

YELLOW GREEN
RED BLUE
VIOLET
LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

YELLOW
RED BLUE
GRE
VIOLET
LETTERS EN NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE
GRE
VIOLET
YELLOW
EN
LETTERS NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg ORANGE
2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE
GRE
VIOLET
YELLOW
EN
LETTERS ORANGE NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg 2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

RED BLUE
GRE
VIOLET
YELLOW
EN
LETTERS ORANGE NUMBERS

a d 1 3 7
ch
bg 2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

COLORS
RED BLUE
GRE
VIOLET
LETTERS YELLOW
EN NUMBERS
ORANGE
a d 1 3 7
ch
bg 2 5
6 9
 GROUP OF …

NUMBERS LETTERS COLORS

1 3 7 a d RED BLUE
2 5 c
b gh
GRE
VIOLET
YELLOW
EN
6 9 ORANGE
The GROUPS are called SETS for as
long as the objects in the group share
a characteristics and are thus, well
defined.
NUMBERS

1 3 7
2 5
6 9
The GROUPS are called SETS for as
long as the objects in the group share
a characteristics and are thus, well
defined.
NUMBERS SET OF
NUMBERS
1 3 7
2 5
6 9
The GROUPS are called SETS for as
long as the objects in the group share
a characteristics and are thus, well
defined.
NUMBERS SET OF X
NUMBERS
1 3 7
2 5
6 9
The GROUPS are called SETS for as
long as the objects in the group share
a characteristics and are thus, well
defined.
NUMBERS SET OF X
NUMBERS
1 3 7
2 5 SET OF
6 9 POSITIVE
NUMBERS
LESS THAN 10
The GROUPS are called SETS for as
long as the objects in the group share
a characteristics and are thus, well
defined.
NUMBERS SET OF X
NUMBERS
1 3 7
2 5 SET OF
6 9 POSITIVE ✔
NUMBERS
LESS THAN 10
 SET OF
LETTERS LETTERS

a d
c
b gh
 SET OF
LETTERS LETTERS

a d
c
b gh
 SET OF X
LETTERS LETTERS

a d
c
b gh
 SET OF X
LETTERS LETTERS

a d SET OF
c
b gh LETTERS
FROM A - H
 SET OF X
LETTERS LETTERS

a d SET OF
c
b gh LETTERS
✔

FROM A - H
 SET OF
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
ORANGE
 SET OF
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
ORANGE
 SET OF X
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
Color of
ORANGE
what
 SET OF X
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
ORANGE
Color of ?
what
 SET OF X
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
ORANGE
Color of ?
what
SET OF RAINBOW
COLOR
 SET OF X
COLORS
COLORS
RED BLUE
VIOLET
GREE
N
YELLOW
ORANGE
Color of ?
what
SET OF RAINBOW
COLOR
✔
A SET is a well-defined
group of objects, called
elements that share a
common characteristics.
A SET is a well-defined
group of objects, called
elements that share a
common characteristics.
A SET is a well-defined
group of objects, called
elements that share a
common characteristics.
A SET is a well-defined
group of objects, called
elements that share a
common characteristics.
Capital letters A,B,C,
…
Capital letters A,B,C,
…

usually denote sets.

Lowercase letters
a,b,c,…
Lowercase letters
a,b,c,…

denote the elements

of a set.
 NOTATION OF SET

A = {3, 6, 91, 108 …}

Elements of the
Name of the Set Set
Ellipsis
 ELEMENTS
A = {3, 6, 91, 108 …}
xϵA
x∉A
NOTATIONS FOR SET
MEMBERSHIP
 is used to indicate that an object is an
element of a set. The symbol  is used to
replace the words “is an element of.”

 is used to indicate that an object is not

an element of a set. The symbol  is used
to replace the words “is not an element of.”
EXAMPLE : USING THE SYMBOLS 
AND 
Determine whether each statement is
true or false:
a. r  {a,b,c,…,z}
True
b.7  {1,2,3,4,5}
True
c. {a}  {a,b}
False. {a} is a set and the set {a} is
Ellipsis, the three dots after the 5
indicate that there is no final
element and that the listing goes
on forever.
∈ ∈
∉ ∈
∉ ∈
∉ ∈
∉ ∉
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF THE VOWELS IN THE
WORD “PROBABILITY”.

P R O B A B I L I TY
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF THE VOWELS IN THE
WORD “PROBABILITY”.

PR B B L TY
O A I
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF TWO-DIGIT POSITIVE
INTEGERS DIVISIBLE BY 5.
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF TWO-DIGIT POSITIVE
INTEGERS DIVISIBLE BY 5.

10,15,20,25,30,. . .
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF TRIANGLES WITH FOUR SIDES
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF TRIANGLES WITH FOUR SIDES
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF TRIANGLES WITH FOUR SIDES
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF TRIANGLES WITH FOUR SIDES
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF TRIANGLES WITH FOUR SIDES

Set A = {
BASIC PROPERTIES OF SETS
1.The change in order of writing the
elements does not make any
changes in the set.

2.If one or many elements of a set are

repeated, the set remains the same.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET

(i) Statement form method

For example:
>The set of odd numbers
less than 7 ={odd numbers
less than 7}.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET

(ii) Roster or tabular form

method

Example:
Let N denote the set of first
five natural numbers.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET
(iii) Rule or set builder form method
Example:
Let P is a set of counting numbers greater than 12
P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than
12}
or
P = {x | x is a counting number and greater than
12}
 Set-Builder Notation

– Before the vertical line is the variable

x, which represents an element in
general

– After the vertical line is the condition

x must meet in order to be an
element of the set.
Example
• Express set
A = {x | x is a month that begins with the letter M}
Using the roster method.
• Solution:
There are two months, namely March and May.
Thus,
A = { March, May}
SHORT QUIZ!!!

Set A are set of even integers

less than 80. Is 92 an element of
set A?
No. 92 is an even integer, but it
is more than 80 so it is not an
element of Set A.
 NUMERICAL SETS
Set of even numbers: {..., −4, −2, 0,
2, 4, ...}
Set of odd numbers: {..., −3, −1, 1, 3,
...}
Set of prime numbers: {2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, ...}
Positive multiples of 3 that are less
 STANDARD SETS OF
NUMBERS
1. N = Natural numbers
= Set of all numbers starting from 1

= Set of all numbers 1, 2, 3, ………..

→ Statement form
= {1, 2, 3, …….}
→ Roster form
= {x :x is a counting number starting
from 1}
 Express each of the following sets using
the roster method

a. Set A is the set of natural numbers less than

5.
A = {1,2,3,4}
b. Set B is the set of natural numbers greater
than or equal to 25.
B = {25, 26, 27, 28,…}
c. E = { x| x  and x is even}.
E = {2, 4, 6, 8,…}
Express each of the following sets
using the roster method:
a.{ x | x   and x ≤ 100}
Solution: {1, 2, 3, 4,…,100}
b. { x | x  and 70 ≤ x <100 }
Solution: {70, 71, 72, 73, …, 99}
 STANDARD SETS OF
NUMBERS
2. W = Whole numbers

= Set containing zero and all-natural numbers → Statement

form

= {0, 1, 2, 3, …….} → Roster form

= {x :x is a zero and all-natural numbers} → Set builder

form
STANDARD SETS OF
NUMBERS
3. Z or I = Integers

= Set containing negative of natural numbers,

zero and the natural numbers →

Statement form

= {………, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …….} → Roster

form
 STANDARD SETS OF
NUMBERS
4. E = Even natural numbers.
= Set of natural numbers, which are
divisible by 2
→ Statement form
= {2, 4, 6, 8, ……….}

→ Roster form
= {x :x is a natural number, which are
 STANDARD SETS OF
NUMBERS
5. O = Odd natural numbers.
= Set of natural numbers, which are not
divisible by 2
→ Statement form
= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ……….}

→ Roster form
= {x :x is a natural number, which are not
divisible by 2}
SHORT QUIZ!!!

Is the set {0, 1, 2, 3, …….}

denoted as set N or set W?

Set W because it is a set of whole

numbers. N is natural numbers
that starts at 1.
CARDINALITY OF SETS
THE CARDINAL NUMBER OF SET A,
REPRESENTED BY N(A), IS THE NUMBER
OF DISTINCT ELEMENTS IN SET A.
The symbol n(A) is read “n of
A.”
Repeating elements in a set
neither adds new elements to
the set nor changes its
Find the cardinal number of each
set:
a.A = { 7, 9, 11, 13 }
n(A) = 4
b. B = { 0 }
n(B) = 1
c. C = { 13, 14, 15,…,22, 23}
n(C)=11
CARDINAL NUMBER OF
A SET
A = {2, 4, 5, 9, 15} 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=5
B = {w, x, y, z} 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )= 4
𝑛 ( 𝐶 )= 3
C = {Florida, New York, California}
D = {3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9} 𝑛 ( 𝐷 ) =5
E={ } 𝑛 ( 𝐸 ) =0
SHORT QUIZ!!!

What is the cardinality for

the set B = {subscribe}?
n(B) = 7
S, u, b, c, r, i, e
EQUIVALENT SETS
Set A is equivalent to set B if set A and set B
contain the same number of elements. For
equivalent sets, n(A) = n(B).

These are equivalent sets:

The line with arrowheads, , indicate that each
element of set A can be paired with exactly one
element of set B and each element of set B can
ONE-TO-ONE
CORRESPONDENCES AND
EQUIVALENT SETS
If set A and set B can be placed in a
one-to-one correspondence, then A
is equivalent to B:
n(A) = n(B).
If set A and set B cannot be placed in
a one-to-one correspondence, then A
is not equivalent to B:
EXAMPLE : DETERMINING IF SETS
ARE EQUIVALENT
This Table shows the celebrities
who hosted NBC’s Saturday Night Most Frequent Host of
Live most frequently and the Saturday Night Live

number of times each starred on Celebrity Number of

Shows
the show. Hosted
A = the set of the five most Steve Martin 14
frequent hosts. Alec Baldwin 12
John Goodman 12
B = the set of the number of times Buck Henry 10
each host starred on the show. Chevy Chase 9
Are the sets equivalent?
 Method 1: Trying to set up a One-to-One
Correspondence.
Solution:
The lines with the arrowheads indicate that the
correspondence between the sets in not one-to-
one. The
elements Baldwin and Goodman from set A are
both paired
with the element 12 from set B. These sets are
not
equivalent.
Method 2: Counting Elements
Solution:
Set A contains five distinct elements: n(A) = 5. Set B
contains four distinct elements: n(B) = 4. Because the
sets do not contain the same number of elements,
they
are not equivalent.
EQUALITY

A is the set whose members are

the first four positive whole
numbers

B = {4, 2, 1, 3}
A=B
EQUALITY

A is {1, 2,
3}
B is {3, 1,
2}
A=B
 Sets A and B are equal if and only if they
contain exactly the same elements.
Examples:
• A = {9, 2, 7, -3}, A=B
B = {7, 9, -3, 2} :
• A = {dog, cat, horse}, 𝐴≠ 𝐵
B = {cat, horse, squirrel, dog} :
• A = {dog, cat, horse}, A=B
B = {cat, horse, dog, dog} :
FINITE AND INFINITE
SETS
Finite set: Set A is a finite set if n(A) = 0 (
that is, A is the empty set) or n(A) is a
natural number.

Infinite set: A set whose cardinality is

not 0 or a natural number. The set of
natural numbers is assigned the infinite
cardinal number 0‫ א‬read “aleph-null”.
SUBSETS
SYMBOLS
A⊆B
A⊄B
SUBSETS

Is A a subset of B? Is B a subset
of A?
A be all multiples of 4
B be all multiples of 2
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Q = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth,
Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter,
Neptune, Mercury,
Pluto}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth,
Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter,
Neptune, Mercury,
Solar System
Pluto}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth,
Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter,
Neptune, Mercury,
SolarPluto}
System
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
QSet of planet
= {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth,
with rings
Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter,
Neptune, Mercury,
Pluto}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.
Set of planet
with rings
Q = {Uranus,
Saturn,
Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
EXAMPLES
THE COLLECTION OF PLANETS WITH RINGS.

Solar System Set of planet

with rings
P = {Uranus, Sun,
Venus, Earth, Q = {Uranus,
Saturn, Saturn,
Mars, Jupiter, Jupiter, Neptune}
PROPER SUBSETS
A is a proper subset of B if and
only if every element of A is
also in B, and there exists at
least one element in B that
is not in A.
PROPER SUBSETS
Is {1, 2, 3} is a proper
subset of {1, 2, 3}?
PROPER SUBSETS
Is {1, 2, 3} is a proper
subset of {1, 2, 3, 4}?
SYMBOLS
A⊆B
A⊄B
A⊂B
SHORT QUIZ!!!

Is B a proper subset
of B?
No.
B is a subset of B, but it cannot be a proper
subset of B since all elements on itself is present
and not 1 exist that is not an element of itself.
SUPER SET
Whenever a set A is a subset of set
B, we say the B is a superset of A
and we write, B ⊇ A.

Symbol ⊇ is used to denote ‘is a

super set of’
SUPER SET
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {a, b, c, ............., z}

Is A a superset of B?
Is B a superset of A?
POWER SET

The collection of all

subsets of set A is called
the power set of A. It is
denoted by P(A). In P(A),
every element is a set.
POWER SET

A = {p, q}
EMPTY (NULL) SET
Is the empty
set a subset
of A?
EMPTY SET / NULL SET

{}
Ø
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF VOWELS IN GIVEN SET BELOW
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF VOWELS IN GIVEN SET BELOW

C R S D Q LZNX
EXAMPLE
:
THE SET OF VOWELS IN GIVEN SET BELOW

C R S D Q LZNX

Set A = {
 EMPTY SET
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS THE EMPTY SET?
a. {0}
NO. THIS IS A SET CONTAINING ONE ELEMENT.
B. 0
NO. THIS IS A NUMBER, NOT A SET
C. { X | X IS A NUMBER LESS THAN 4 OR GREATER
THAN 10 }
NO. THIS SET CONTAINS ALL NUMBERS THAT ARE
EITHER LESS THAN 4, SUCH AS 3, OR GREATER
THAN 10, SUCH AS 11.
d. { X | X IS A SQUARE WITH THREE SIDES}
SET OPERATIONS
UNIVERSA
L SET
A set which
contains all the
elements of other
given sets is
called a universal
set. The symbol
for denoting a
universal set is U.
 THE UNIVERSAL SET
• A SET U THAT INCLUDES ALL OF THE
ELEMENTS UNDER CONSIDERATION IN A
PARTICULAR DISCUSSION.
• DEPENDS ON THE CONTEXT.
• EXAMPLES: THE SET OF LATIN LETTERS, THE
SET OF NATURAL NUMBERS, THE SET OF
POINTS ON A LINE.
UNIVERSAL SET
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}
C = {3, 5, 7}
 What is
Venn
Diagram?
Venn Diagram
 Venn Diagram
Whales Fish
• Give birth • Lay eggs
to the live • Breathe
young underwa
• Breathe
above
ter
water • Live in
• Live in the the
ocean ocean
Venn Diagram
Whales Fish

Give • Lay eggs

Birth to the Live
live young in • Breathe
the
underwater
Breathe ocea
above water n
 Venn
Diagrams

Set
Diagrams

Logic
Diagrams
Venn Diagram
History

Hi! I’m
John
Venn.
Venn Diagram History

That
diagram
is mine!
 Venn
Diagram
History
Clarence Irving (C.I.) Lewis

r v ey
A su
of
b o l ic
S y m
o g i c
L
What is
my
purpose
in life?
Organize information

Compare
choices
 Compare
data sets
Solve Reason
complex with Logic
mathemati
cal
problems
 blair erin hunt
er ira
Let’s make drewglen
a Venn
Diagram!
alex franci
case s
y
jade
 }
alex

case
y
drew
hunter
Soccer = {alex, casey, drew,
hunter}
 }
case
y
drew

jade

Tennis = {casey, drew, jade}

SOCC TENNI
ER
alex S
case
case y
y
dre dre
w w
jade
hunt
er
SOCC TENNI
ER S
ale
cas
x
cas
ey
dre
dre
ey
hunt
w w
jade
er
 UNIONS OF TWO SETS
• THE UNION OF TWO SETS A AND B IS

A  B  x x  A or x  B

• THE WORD “OR” IS INCLUSIVE.

ILLUSTRATIO
N: A B
U

A B
ILLUSTRATIO
N: A B
U

A B
 Union
SOCCER o TENNI
S
r casey, drew,
Soccer ∪ Tennis = {alex,
hunter, jade}
SOCC TENNI
ER
ale S
cas
x
cas
ey
dre
ey
dre
hunt
w w
jade
er
SOCC TENNI
ER S

ale cas jade

x
hunt dre
ey
er w
 SOCC TENNI
ER S

ale cas jade

x ey
hunt dre
er w
Let soccer as s and tennis
S T = as t
{alex, hunter, casey,
drew, jade
NOTE:

Order of listing sets

does not matter
Never repeat
elements
 Example
A= {1, 2, 3} , B= {4, 5, 6}, Find A
B.
A B ={1, 2, 3} {4, 5, 6}
A B
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 1
5,6} 4
2
3 6 5
 Example
A= {1, 2, 3, 4} , B= {4, 5, 6},
Find A B.
A B ={1, 2, 3, 4} {4, 5, 6}
A B
A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 1
5,6}
2 4
3 6 5
FIND EACH OF THE FOLLOWING
UNIONS:
a.{7,a.{6,
8, 9,7,
10,
8, 11} U11,
9, 10, {6,12}
8, 10, 12}

b.{1,b.{1,
3, 5, 2,
7,3,9}
4,U5,{2, 4,8,6,9}
6, 7, 8}

c.{1,c.{1,
3, 5,3,
7,5,9} U Ø
7, 9}
INTERSECTIONS OF THE SETS
• THE INTERSECTION OF A AND B IS
A  B  x x  A and x  B
COMMON ELEMENTS
ILLUSTRATIO
N: AB
U

A B
ILLUSTRATIO
N: AB
U

A B
 Intersection
SOCCER and TENNI
S
Soccer ∩ Tennis = {casey,
drew}
SOCC TENNI
ER
ale S
cas
x
cas
ey
dre
ey
dre
hunt
w w
jade
er
SOCC TENNI
ER S

cas
dre
ey
w
Find each of the following intersections:
a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} ∩ {6, 8, 10, 12}
{8, 10}
b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
Ø
c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ Ø
Ø
Mutually Exclusive
Sets
A and B are disjoint if they have
no common elements
A  B Ø
ILLUSTRATIO
N:
U

A B
Example:
A={1,2,3,6} B={4,7,8} Are these disjoint?
Yes.
AB= U

1 3 4
2 6 8 7

A B
 DIFFERENCE OF SETS
DIFFERENCE OF SETS A & B DENOTED A – B

A – B = {X|X IS IN A BUT X IS NOT IN B}

LIKE SUBTRACTION
 Difference
SOCCER but TENNI
not S
Soccer - Tennis = {hinter,
alex}
 SOCC TENN
ER IS
hunter S – T = {Hunter, Alex}
cas jade
ale ey
dre
x T – S = {Jade}
w
SET DIFFERENCE
B-A
A B
U

A B
A={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={1, 2, 3,
4, 5} U

7 3 4
A–B= 9
15
2
B–A=
A B
A={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={1, 2, 3,
4, 5} U
{7, 9} 7
A–B= 9
B–A=
A B
A={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={1, 2, 3,
4, 5} U
{7, 9} 7 4
3
A–B= 9
15
2
B–A=
A B
A={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={1, 2, 3,
4, 5} U
{7, 9} 4
A – B ={2,
2
B – A =4}
A B
 What
happened
to the
others?
SOCC TENNI
ER S

ale cas glen

jade ira
x
hunt dre
ey
fran
er w erin
cis
blair
 The complement of set A,
THE symbolized by A’ is the set
COMPLEM of all elements in the
ENT OF A universal set that are not in
A. This idea can be
SET expressed in set-builder
notation as follows:
A’ = {x | x  U and x  A}
The shaded region
represents the complement
of set A. This region lies
outside the circle.
U={1,2,3,4,5} &
A={1,2},
A’ = {3,4,5} U

1 4
3 2
5
A
State whether the following are true or false:

true
____1. If A = {5, 6, 7} and B = {6, 8, 10, 12}; then A
∪ B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12}.
true
____2. If P = {a, b, c} and Q = {b, c, d}; then p
intersection Q = {b, c}.
false
____3. Union of two sets is the set of elements which
are common to both the sets.
false
____4. Two disjoint sets have at least one element in
common.
true
____5. Two overlap sets have all the elements
common.
∪
A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80
A B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 2,
C 7}
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
A C 4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80
C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6,
C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
B C 4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80
C = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6,
C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80

C
 A B U

1 5 2
3 6 7
9 1
4 80