Scribd
Upload
133 views44 pages

E Computer Notes - Single Row Functions

The document discusses various SQL functions for manipulating strings, numbers, and dates. It provides examples of functions such as LOWER(), UPPER(), CONCAT(), SUBSTR(), ROUND(), TRUNC(), and TO_CHAR(). It also discusses implicit and explicit data type conversions, nesting functions, and conditional expressions using CASE and DECODE.

Uploaded by

ecomputernotes
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
133 views44 pages

E Computer Notes - Single Row Functions

The document discusses various SQL functions for manipulating strings, numbers, and dates. It provides examples of functions such as LOWER(), UPPER(), CONCAT(), SUBSTR(), ROUND(), TRUNC(), and TO_CHAR(). It also discusses implicit and explicit data type conversions, nesting functions, and conditional expressions using CASE and DECODE.

Uploaded by

ecomputernotes
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 44

Single-Row Functions

http://ecomputernotes.com

Case Manipulation Functions


These functions convert case for character strings. Function LOWER('SQL Course')
UPPER('SQL Course')

Result sql course


SQL COURSE

INITCAP('SQL Course')

Sql Course

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using Case Manipulation Functions

Display the employee number, name, and department number for employee Higgins:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'higgins'; no rows selected SELECT employee_id, last_name, department_id FROM employees WHERE LOWER(last_name) = 'higgins';

http://ecomputernotes.com

Character-Manipulation Functions
These functions manipulate character strings: Function Result

CONCAT('Hello', 'World')
SUBSTR('HelloWorld',1,5)

LENGTH('HelloWorld')
INSTR('HelloWorld', 'W')

LPAD(salary,10,'*') RPAD(salary, 10, '*') TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld')

HelloWorld Hello 10 6 **24000


24000***** elloWorld

Using the Character-Manipulation Functions


1
SELECT employee_id, CONCAT(first_name, last_name) NAME, job_id, LENGTH (last_name), INSTR(last_name, 'a') "Contains 'a'?" FROM employees WHERE SUBSTR(job_id, 4) = 'REP';

2 3

http://ecomputernotes.com

Number Functions "


" "
ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal

ROUND(45.926, 2)
TRUNC(45.926, 2)
MOD:

45.93
45.92 100

TRUNC: Truncates value to specified decimal

Returns remainder of division

MOD(1600, 300)

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the ROUND Function


1 2 3

SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0), ROUND(45.923,-1) FROM DUAL;

1
from functions and calculations.

DUAL is a dummy table you can use to view results

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TRUNC Function


1 2 3

SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923), TRUNC(45.923,-2) FROM DUAL;

Using the MOD Function


Calculate the remainder of a salary after it is divided by 5000 for all employees whose job title is sales representative.
SELECT last_name, salary, MOD(salary, 5000) FRO M employees WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP';

http://ecomputernotes.com

Working with Dates "Oracle database stores dates in an internal


numeric format: century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. "The default date display format is DD-MON-RR.
Allows you to store 21st century dates in the 20th century by specifying only the last two digits of the year. Allows you to store 20th century dates in the 21st century in the same way.
SELECT last_name, hire_date FROM employees WHERE last_name like 'G % ';

http://ecomputernotes.com

Working with Dates


SYSDATE is a function that returns:

" "

Date Time

http://ecomputernotes.com

Arithmetic with Dates "Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a


resultant date value. "Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates. "Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24.

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using Arithmetic Operators with Dates


SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE-hire_date)/7 AS WEEKS FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90;

http://ecomputernotes.com

Date Functions
Function
MONTHS_BETWEEN ADD_MONTHS

Description Number of months between two dates Add calendar months to date Next day of the date specified Last day of the month Round date Truncate date

NEXT_DAY

LAST_DAY
ROUND TRUNC

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using Date Functions


MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94') 19.6774194 '11-JUL-94'

ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6)

NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') '08-SEP-95' LAST_DAY('01-FEB-95') '28-FEB-95'

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using Date Functions


Assume SYSDATE = '25-JUL-95': ROUND(SYSDATE,'MONTH')
ROUND(SYSDATE ,'YEAR') TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'MONTH') TRUNC(SYSDATE ,'YEAR')

01-AUG-95
01-JAN-96 01-JUL-95

01-JAN-95

http://ecomputernotes.com

Implicit Data Type Conversion


For assignments, the Oracle server can automatically convert the following: From VARCHAR2 or CHAR
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
NUMBER

To
NUMBER

DATE VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2

DATE

http://ecomputernotes.com

Implicit Data Type Conversion


For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server can automatically convert the following:

From
VARCHAR2 or CHAR
VARCHAR2 or CHAR

To
NUMBER

DATE

http://ecomputernotes.com

Explicit Data Type Conversion


TO_NUMBER

TO_DATE

NUMBER

CHARACTER

DATE

TO_CHAR

TO_CHAR

http://ecomputernotes.com

Explicit Data Type Conversion


TO_NUMBE R

TO_DATE

CHARACTER
NUMBER

DATE

TO_CHAR TO_CHAR

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates


TO_CHAR(date, ''format_model')')

The format model: " Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case sensitive

" Can include any valid date format element " Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or "
suppress leading zeros Is separated from the date value by a comma

http://ecomputernotes.com

Elements of the Date Format Model


YYYY YEAR
MM

Full year in numbers Year spelled out Two-digit value for month Full name of the month Three-letter abbreviation of the month Three-letter abbreviation of the day of the week Full name of the day of the week Numeric day of the month

MONTH MON DY DAY DD

http://ecomputernotes.com

Elements of the Date Format Model " Time elements format the time portion of the date.
HH 24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM

" Add character strings by enclosing them in double


quotation marks. DD "of" MONTH 12 of OCTOBER Number suffixes spell out numbers. ddspth fourteenth

"

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Dates


SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'fmDD Month YYYY') AS HIREDATE FROM employees;

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers


TO_CHAR(number, ''format_model')')

These are some of the format elements you can use with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a character: 9
0 $

Represents a number Forces a zero to be displayed Places a floating dollar sign Uses the floating local currency symbol Prints a decimal point Prints a thousand indicator

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TO_CHAR Function with Numbers

SELECT TO_CHAR(salary, '$99,999.00') SALARY FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Ernst';

http://ecomputernotes.com

Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions "Convert a character string to a number format
using the TO_NUMBER function:
TO_NUMBER(char[[,, ''format_model'])'])

"Convert a character string to a date format using


the TO_DATE function:
TO_DATE(char[, '[, 'format_model'])'])

"These functions have an fx modifier. This modifier


specifies the exact matching for the character argument and date format model of a TO_DATE function

Using the TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions "Convert a character string to a number format
using the TO_NUMBER function:
TO _NUM BER(char[[,, ''format_model'])'])

"Convert a character string to a date format using


the TO_DATE function:
TO_DATE(char[, '[, 'format_model'])'])

"These functions have an fx modifier. This modifier


specifies the exact matching for the character argument and date format model of a TO_DATE function

RR Date Format
Current Year 1995
1995 2001 2001

Specified Date 27-OCT-95 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-17 27-OCT-95

RR Format 1995 2017 2017 1995

YY Format 1995 1917 2017 2095

If the specified two-digit year is:


049 If two digits of the current year are: 049 The return date is in the current century The return date is in the century after the current one 5099 The return date is in the century before the current one The return date is in the current century

5099

Example of RR Date Format


To find employees hired prior to 1990, use the RR format, which produces the same results whether the command is run in 1999 or now:
SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DD-Mon-YYYY') FROM employees WHERE hire_date < TO_DATE('01-Jan-90', 'DD-Mon-RR');

Nesting Functions " "


Single-row functions can be nested to any level. Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the least deep level.

F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)
Step 1 = Result 1 Step 2 = Result 2 Step 3 = Result 3

Nesting Functions

SELECT last_name, NVL(TO_CHAR(manager_id), 'No Manager') FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL;

General Functions
These functions work with any data type and pertain to using nulls. " NVL (expr1, expr2) " NVL2 (expr1, expr2, expr3)

" NULLIF (expr1, expr2) " COALESCE (expr1, expr2, ..., exprn)

NVL Function

Converts a null to an actual value. "Data types that can be used are date, character, and number. "Data types must match:
NVL(commission_pct,0) NVL(hire_date,'01-JAN-97') NVL(job_id,'No Job Yet')

Using the NVL Function


SELECT last_name, salary, NVL(commission_pct, 0), (salary*12) + (salary*12*NVL(commission_pct, 0)) AN_SAL FROM employees;

1 2

Using the NVL2 Function


SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct, NVL2(commission_pct, 'SAL+COMM', 'SAL') income FROM employees WHERE department_id IN (50, 80);

1 2

Using the NULLIF Function


1
SELECT first_name, LENGTH(first_name) "expr1", 2 last_name, LENGTH(last_name) "expr2", NULLIF(LENGTH(first_name), LENGTH(last_name)) result FROM employees;

1 2 3

Using the COALESCE Function "The advantage of the COALESCE function over the
take multiple alternate values. "If the first expression is not null, it returns that expression; otherwise, it does a COALESCE of the remaining expressions.
NVL function is that the COALESCE function can

Using the COALESCE Function


SELECT last_name, COALESCE(commission_pct, salary, 10) comm FROM employees ORDER BY commission_pct;

Conditional Expressions "Provide the use of IF-THEN-ELSE logic within a


SQL statement

" Use two methods:


CASE expression DECODE function

The CASE Expression


Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
CASE expr WHEN comparison_expr1 [WHEN comparison_expr2 WHEN comparison_exprn ] ELSE else_expr] END THEN return_expr1 THEN return_expr2 THEN return_exprn

Using the CASE Expression


Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, CASE job_id WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 1.10*salary WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 1.15*salary WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 1.20*salary ELSE salary END "REVISED_SALARY" FROM employees;

The DECODE Function


Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement:
DECODE(col|expression, search1, result1 [ [, search2, result2,...,] [ ]) [, default]) ]

Using the DECODE Function

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, DECODE(job_id, 'IT_PROG', 1.10*salary, 'ST_CLERK', 1.15*salary, 'SA_REP', 1.20*salary, salary)
REVISED_SALARY

FROM employees;

You might also like