စက်မှုဝန်ကြီးဌာန

ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်စက်မှုကြီးကြပ်ရေးနှင့်စစ်ဆေးရေးဦးစီးဌာန

စက်ရုံခေါင်းတိုင်များမှထွက်ရှိသောအမှုန်အမွှား
နှင့်
အခိုးအငွေ့များဖမ်းယူခြင်း
ဦးဇော်လွင်ဦး
ဒုတိယညွှန်ကြားရေးမှူး
ဘွိုင်လာစစ်ဆေးရေးဌာန
WHO Standards
High-temperature dust collection method

Fig- Multiple-cyclones

9
ESP (Electrostatic Precipitators)
 Electrostatic precipitators remove particulate matter in exhaust gas
in accordance with the theory that dust charged by a negative corona
at a discharge electrode adheres to a positive dust-collecting
electrode.
 The particulate matter that adheres to the electrode is removed and
falls when the cathode is tapped with a hammering device.
consists of
(1) a positively charged collecting
surface (grounded)
(2) a high voltage (55 to 75 kV DC)
discharge electrode

Theory of Precipitation
Charging, Collecting &
Rapping.
 Ionization of gas

molecules
 Particle Collection

 Particle Removal

It has 99 + % efficiency and can

be operated at high temperatures
(600 C).
 It is economical and simple to
operate compared to other
device. 14
 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning
Technologies

• SOx Reduction Technology

• NOx Reduction Technology

• Simultaneous De-SOx and De-NOx Technology

20
 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning Technologies

SOx Reduction Technology

(1) Furnace desulfurization process or Combustion Control Technology

 The furnace desulfurization process is used for fluidized-bed boilers.

 Limestone to be used for desulfurization is mixed and combusted with the coal,
causing the following reaction to remove SO2 at a furnace temperature of 760-860°C:

CaCO3 ---> CaO + CO 2

Limestone lime or quick lime
CaO + SO2 ---> CaSO3

 In pressurized fluidized-bed boilers, limestone does not breakdown into CaO due to the
high partial pressure of CO2, but SO2 is removed in accordance with the following reaction:

CaCO3 + SO2 ---> CaSO3 + CO2

21
 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning Technologies

SOx Reduction Technology

(2) Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)/ Post Combustion Control Technology

 In the absorption tower, a water-mixed limestone slurry is reacted with SO 2 within the
exhaust gas for the recovery of sulfur contents as gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O).

limestone or calcite - CaCO3+ SO2 + 0.5H2O --> CaSO3 + 0.5H2O + CO2

Gypsum - CaSO3 + 0.5H2O + 0.5O2+1.5H2O --> CaSO4 + 2H2O

lime or quicklime - Ca(OH)2 + SO2 --> CaSO3 + H2O 22

 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning Technologies

NOx Reduction Technology

(1) Combustion Control Technology
Low Excess Air Firing
Low Nitrogen Fuel Oil
Burner Modifications
Water/Steam Injection
Flue Gas Recirculation

(2) Post Combustion Control Methods

SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)
SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction)

23
NOx Formation Process of Pulverized Coal

NOx Formation
Pulverized Nitrogen in fuel
Coal
+
Air Nitrogen in air

Combustion
CO2, H2O, SOx, In case of coal :
NOx, etc.
NOx (Fuel NOx)-----------90%
(Thermal NOx)----10%

Amount of NOx is controlled by combustion technology.

24
 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning Technologies

SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)

 injection of ammonia in the boiler exhaust gases in the presence of a catalyst.
 anhydrous ammonia or as an aqueous solution with a 25 to 28 % concentration.
(Urea solutions have been tested as an alternate reagent.)
 The catalyst allows the ammonia to reduce NOx levels at lower exhaust temperatures
than selective non- catalytic reduction. Unlike selective non-catalytic reduction, where
the exhaust gases must be approximately 760-870°C, selective catalytic reduction can
be utilized where exhaust gases are between 260 °C and 650 °C, depending on the
catalyst used.
 Selective catalytic reduction can result in NOx reductions up to 90%.

4NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O

25
26
 Flue Gas Treatment and Gas Cleaning Technologies

Ammonia leak or Ammonia Slip

• The temperature at which the catalyst attains optimal performance is 350°C. At

a temperature lower than this, SO3 in the exhaust gas reacts with NH3, producing
ammonium hydrogen sulfate (NH4HSO4) that covers the surface of the catalyst,
thereby reducing the ability to remove NOx.

• At a temperature higher than 350°C, the NH4HSO4 decomposes, improving the

removal of NOx regardless of the SO3 concentration.

27
Nox Control Technology
SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)
The catalyst used may be of several types as shown in table.
Most of the operating experience to date has been with base
metal catalysts using titanium dioxide with small amounts of
vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten and other active chemical
agents.

SCR DeNOx Catalyst Types

Catalytic
Applicable
Category Converter
Temperature
Material

Precious Metal Platinum 238-282 °C

Titanium Oxide/
Base Metal 243-400 °C
Vanadium

Zeolite Aluminium Silicates 400-600 °C

28
NH3 Manifold

29
 Nox Control Technology
SNCR (Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction) (Ammonia or urea Injection)

• injection of a NOx reducing agent, such as ammonia or urea, in the boiler exhaust gases at
a temperature of approximately 760-870°C.
• The ammonia or urea breaks down the NOx in the exhaust gases into water and
atmospheric nitrogen.
• Selective non-catalytic reduction reduces NOx up to 50%. However, the technology is
extremely difficult to apply to industrial boilers that modulate frequently. This is because
the ammonia (or urea) must be injected in the flue gases at a specific flue gas
temperature. And in industrial boilers that modulate frequently, the location of the
exhaust gases at the specified temperature is constantly changing.
30
 Simultaneous De-SOx and De-NOx Technology

 Commercialized ammonia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process

requires
not only long-term control of expensive DeNOx catalysts
but also measures to prevent ammonia leak (or ammonia slip).

 Development efforts are, therefore, underway for a dry combined

desulfurization DeNOx method to remove NOx and SOx simultaneously without

requiring any service water, wastewater treatment, or a DeNOx catalyst.

(1) Active carbon adsorption method and

(2) Electron beam process

31
 Activated Carbon

 Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a most powerful adsorbents

known, is a form of carbon processed to have small, low-volume pores that

increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.

Activated is sometimes substituted with active.

 Due to its high degree of microporosity, just one gram of activated carbon has
a surface area in excess of 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft), as determined by gas
adsorption.

 Activated carbons made from hardwoods, coconut shells, fruit stones, coals,
peat, petroleum coke, and synthetic macromolecular systems.

32
Activated Carbon

33
 Simultaneous De-SOx and De-NOx Technology

(1) Active carbon adsorption method

• The active carbon adsorption method causes a reaction between SO2 in exhaust gas and injected
NH3 on active carbon at 120-150°C, thereby converting SO2 into ammonium hydrogen sulfate
(NH4HSO4) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) for adsorption/removal while decomposing NOx into
nitrogen and water as does the SCR process.

• The moving-bed adsorption tower (desulfurization tower) removes SO 2 in the first-stage and, in
the second stage (denitration tower), NOx is decomposed.

• Active carbon that has absorbed NH4HSO4 is heated to 350°C or higher in the desorption tower to
desorb NH4HSO4 after decomposing it into NH3 and SO2, while the active carbon is regenerated.
34
 Simultaneous De-SOx and De-NOx Technology
(2) Electron beam process

power
electron accelerator
supply

ammonia nitrate

• The electron beam process, as shown in Figure, involves using an electron beam to
irradiate SOx /NOx in exhaust gas and injected NH3 to cause a reaction for their recovery
as fine particles of ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) or ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) in the
downstream precipitator. Byproducts: ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate,
which are used as fertilizers.
• Removal efficiencies of 98% or more for SOx and 80% for NOx is obtained at 70-120°C.
• Regarding this technology, a plant that can treat 300Km3N/h (90MW) of gas (Photo 2)
was built at Chengdu Heat-Electricity Factory, a co-generation power plant in Sichuan
Province, China. It is currently being operated for demonstration and is obtaining a NO x
removal efficiency of 80%. 35
 (၁) အမှုန်အမွှားဖမ်းယူသည့် စနစ် (၅)မျိုး

 Gravity Settling Chamber (ကမ္ဘာ့ဆွဲအားဖြင့် အမှုန်ကျစေ

ခြင်း)
 Mechanical Collectors (Cyclone or Multi-Cyclone များဖြင့်
အမှုန်ဖမ်းခြင်း)
 Particulate Wet-Scrubbers (ရေ သို့မဟုတ် အ​ရည်ဖျန်းစနစ်ဖြင့်
အမှုန်ဖမ်းခြင်း)
 Electrostatic Precipitaors (လျှပ်ငြိမ်အမှုန်အနည်ချကိရိယာဖြ
င့် အမှုန်အမွှားများဖမ်းယူခြင်း )
 Fabric Filter or Bag House (အပူခံ Fiber Screen ဖြင့် အမှုန်
အမွှားများဖမ်းယူခြင်း )

(၂) Gas Cleaning Technologies

• SOx Reduction Technology

• NOx Reduction Technology 36
THANK YOU