Definitions
Impression (GPT):
1) A negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface
or object.
2) An imprint of the teeth and adjacent structures for
use in dentistry
Impression material:-
Any substance or combination of substances used
for making an impression or negative reproduction.
Impression technique:-
A method and manner used in making a negative
likeness.
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF AN
IMPRESSION MATERIAL :
Have pleasant taste, odor and esthetic color.
Not contain any toxic or irritating ingredients.
Be economical.
Have adequate shelf life for storage and distribution.
Be easy to use with minimum equipments.
Exhibit dimensional stability.
Have adequate strength so that it will not break or tear while
removing from the mouth.
Posess elastic properties with freedom from permanent
deformation after strain.
Be able to be electroplated.
Be compatible with die and cast materials.
CLASSIFICATON
According to philips science of dental materials impression
materials are classified on the basis of setting and elasticity.
Mode of setting Rigid or Inelastic Elastic
Chemical Plaster of paris, Alginate hydrocolloid,
reaction(irreversible) Zinc oxide eugenol. Polysulfide,
Polyether,
Condensation silicone,
Addition silicone
Thermally induced Compound Agar hydrocolloid.
physical reaction Waxes
(reversible)
Based on viscosity :
Mucostatic
Eg. Impression plaster,
Agar,
Light body elastomer
Mucocompressive
Eg. Impression compound,
Alginates
Pseudoplastic
Eg. Addition silicones
Based on interaction with saliva and water :
Hydrophobic
Eg. Polysulfide ,
Condensation silicones
Hydrophilic
Eg. Putty,
Impression plaster
Based on use :
Primary impression material
Eg. Impression compound, Alginate
Secondary Impression material
Eg. Zinc oxide eugenol,
Medium bodied elastomers
Duplicating material
Eg. Agar
IMPRESSION
COMPOUND
Impression compound is
rigid,reversible impression material
which sets by physical change.
It softens on heating and hardens on
cooling.
Supplied as sheets,sticks,cakes and
cones.
CLASSIFICATION
ADA specification no. 3
Two types:
Type I – Impression compound
Type II – Tray compound
Type II : Used to prepare a tray for making an
impression.
Composition:
INGREDIENTS PARTS
Resin 30 Non-crystalline in
character,
Copal resin 30 Cause high flow of the
compound
Carnauba wax 10 and low strength
Stearic acid 5 To improve plasticity
(plasticizer) and workability
Talc (filler) 75 To reduce plasticity of
the matrix material by
frictional action
Coloring agent Appropriate amount
Applications:
For making preliminary impression of edentulous
mouth.
For individual tooth impression.
To make a special tray.
Peripheral tracing or border moulding.
To check undercuts in inlay preparations.
Properties:
Glass transitional temperature – the temperature at which the
material looses its hardness or brittleness on heating or
forms a rigid mass upon cooling.
39 degree centigrade.
Fusion temperature – the temperature at which the material
softens to a plastic mass that can be manipulated.
43.5 degree centigrade.
Impression compound has very low thermal conductivity i.e.
poor conductors of heat.
Coefficient of Linear Expansion is high due to the
presence of resins and waxes.
Has good dimensional stability.
The safest way to prevent distortion is to pour the cast
immediately or at least within an hour.
Another cause of warpage is removal of the impression
too early before it is thoroughly cooled in the mouth.
Flow of the impression material could be advantageous
as well as harmful.
Good flow is desirable during impression making. The
softened material should flow into all the details of the
tissue contour.
Once the compound hardens, it should have minimum
flow, otherwise it will get distorted.
Surface detail reproduction is comparatively less
because of its high viscosity and low flow.
Manipulation :
Sticks :
Small amounts of compound are softened over a flame.
When a direct flame is used, the compound should not
be allowed to boil or ignite, otherwise, the plasticizers
are volatilized.
Cakes :
The compound is softened in warm water in a
thermostatically controlled water bath (usually in the
range of 60 to 70 degree C).
After the compound is removed from the water bath, it
is usually kneaded with the fingers in order to obtain
uniform plasticity throughout the mass.
Advantages:
Material can be reused several times in case of errors.
Inaccurate portions can be remade without having to
remake the entire impression.
Accuracy can be improved by flaming the surface
material.
The materialhas sufficient body to support itself to an
extent specially in the peripheral portions. It does not
collapse completely if unsupported by the tray.
Disadvantages:
Difficult to record details because of high viscosity.
Distortion due to poor dimensional stability.
Compresses soft tissues while making impression.
Difficult to remove if there are severe undercuts.
There is always the possibility of overextension
especially in the peripheral portions.
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