Example

Example
Example

n an 
sin n ?
lim 2 0
n  n

Looks like it will.

If we examine the sequence of partial sums it appears the series converges, but now we must prove it.

Hence, by DCT the given series

Example

n n3 ?
lim( 1) n 0 Looks like it will.
n  3

as n  
Example

1 ?
lim 0 What do you think?
n  n !
an 1 1
Let’s use the Ratio Test by first simplifying That is lim lim
n  an n   ( n  1)

1
0  1
an 1 (n  1)!

an 1 Thus, by the Ratio Test, the given series is
n! absolutely convergent and therefore convergent.
n!

(n  1)!
n!

(n  1) n !
1
 0 as n  
(n  1)
Example

Here’s another solution.

1
bn 
n ! 1 2 3 4  2n  1

2n 1 1 2 2 2 2 
So, we get
1 2 3 4  1 2 2 2 2  for n 1
n ! 2n  1 an 
1
n!
1 1
 n 1
n! 2

1 1
Since the 
n 1 2
n 1
is a geometric series with r 
2
 1,

the series converges by GST (Geometric Series Test).


1
Therefore, 
n 2 n !
converges by The Direct Comparison Test, "DCT".
Let’s ask AI.
 nn ?
lim 0 Maybe
n  n !

(n  1) n 1 n
an 1  1
(n  1)! That is lim lim  1  
 n  a n 
 n
nn n

n! e  1

n
 1
 1    e as n  
 n
This is the last test!!
 Example

n
 2n  3  ?
lim 
n   3n  2
 0 Maybe
 

By the Root Test

as n  
Example

a)


ln(k )
b)  ( 1)
k

k 2 k

c)
 n
a)  n 
  This looks familiar.
 n 1 
n
 n 1 
n! ?  
lim n 0 Yeah, maybe.  n 
n  n
1
Let’s use the Ratio Test by first simplifying  1  n
 1
  1     e as n  
(n  1)!   n  
an 1 (n  1) n 1
  1   n 1
an n! an 1
That is lim lim   1   
nn n  a
n
n 
  n  
(n  1)! n n 1
 n 1
  1
(n  1) n! e
(n  1) n ! nn Therefore, by the Ratio Test, the given series is
 n
 absolutely convergent and therefore convergent.
(n  1) (n  1) n !
nn

(n  1) n
 
ln(k )
b)  ( 1)
k

k 2 k

 k ln( k ) 
?
lim  ( 1)  0 Maybe
k 
 k 
ln(k )
ak  ( 1) k
k
ln(k )

k
So, what test should we use?
ln(k )
 0 for k  2
k
 
ln(k )
b)  ( 1) For x 2, f ( x) is 1) continuous, 2) positive
k

k 2 k and 3) decreasing? Not obvious.

Let's use the derivative trick!
 k ln( k ) 
?
lim  ( 1)  0 Maybe ln( x)
n 
 k  f ( x) 
x
ln(k ) 1
an  ( 1) k x   ln( x) 1
k f ( x)  x 2
x
ln(k )
 1  ln( x)
k 
f ( x) 
x2
So, what test should we use?
1  ln( x)
ln(k ) 2
 0 when 1  ln( x)  0
 0 for k 2 x
k 1  ln( x)
By the Integral Test we let e1  eln( x )
ln( x) ex
f ( x)  for x 2
x ln( x)
So f ( x)  is decreasing when x 3
x
 
ln( x) u  Sub ln(k )

 k
3 x dx ( 1) , is an alternating series.
Let u ln x k 2 k

 u du 1
ln 3
du  dx
x
t New Limits
lim  u du
t   ln 3
u (3) ln 3
t
 u2  u () 
lim  
t 
 2  ln 3
 t 2 (ln 3) 2 
lim   
t  2 2
 

Hence, the series diverges absolutely.
Does it converge conditional?
Let’s check it out!
 
ln( x) u  Sub ln(k )

 k
3 x dx ( 1) , is an alternating series.
Let u ln x k 2 k

 u du 1 ln(k )
ln 3
du  dx Let bk  ak 
x k
ln(k )  
New Limits 1) lim  bk  lim 
t
lim  u du
t   ln 3
u (3) ln 3 k  k 
 k  
 u2 
t
u ()  L'H
 1k 
lim    lim  
k  1
t 
 2  ln 3  
 1
 t 2 (ln 3) 2  lim   0
lim    k  k
 
t  2 2
 
ln(k )
 2) We showed earlier that was decreasing for k 3.
k
Hence, the series diverges absolutely. Hence bk 1 bk , is true for all k 3
Does it converge conditional? 
ln(k )
Thus,  (  1)k
converges by The Alternating Series Test,
Let’s check it out! k 2 k
and therefore is conditional convergent.
 32n5

c) (n  1)5
DTE n5
 32  5 as n  
5n n
  2n  ?
lim 
n  n  1
 0 Maybe. 32
 
32n5
Let’s use the Root Test by first simplifying That is lim n an lim
n  n   ( n  1)5

  2n 
5n 32  1
n an  
n

 n 1  Therefore, by the Root Test, the given series diverges
absolutely.
5n
 2n  Since the given series is alternating, does it converge
 
n

 n 1  conditional?
5
 2n  Let bn  an , so we get
 
 n 1  5n
 2n  DTE
5 lim    25 
 2n  n  n  1
 
 
 n 1  Thus, the original series diverge.