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Problem Solving and Reasoning

mmw

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36 views35 pages

Problem Solving and Reasoning

mmw

Uploaded by

budjhv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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►Problem Solving and

Reasoning

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN


WORLD
►A Problem is a statement
requiring a solution, usually by
means of mathematical
operation/ geometric
construction.
PROBLEM
►Is a process , an ongoing activity in
which we take what we know to
discover what we don’t know.

PROBLEM SOLVING
►Problem Solving is not an algorithm,
not a step by step solution.
►Problem Solving is Heuristic, using
exploration and trial and error

PROBLEM SOLVING
▶It refers to the ability of a person to analyze
problem situations and construct logical
arguments to justify the process or
hypothesis , to create both conceptual
foundations and connections , in order for
him to be able to process the information.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING
► Inductive Reasoning – it is the type of reasoning,
wherein that it is the process of reaching a general
conclusion by examining specific examples. ( The
conclusion formed is called the conjecture.)
► Deductive Reasoning -this type of reasoning is
distinguished from inductive reasoning, it is the
process of reaching a conclusion by applying general
principles and procedures.

TYPES OF REASONING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDUCTIVE
AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Type of Reasoning
► A number sequence is an ordered list of numbers. It can
be finite or infinite.
► In an arithmetic sequence each term after the first is
obtained by adding the same number, called the
common difference.
► In a geometric sequence each term after the first is
obtained by multiplying by the same number, called the
common ratio.

APPLICATION ON NUMBER
PATTERNS
► Example 1
► What is the next number in the sequence 9, 14, 19, 24,
29…
► Solution:
► First you have to identify the first term, 9 then analyze
the common difference between each term, which is
constant 5, therefore the missing term or the answer for
this sequence after the last term 29 is 34.

APPLICATION:
▶ Sarah loves reading observation 1

▶ Sarah is a good student observation 2

▶ Good students love reading conclusion

EXAMPLE 2 : INDUCTIVE REASONING


The chair in the living room is red---------premise
The chair in the dining room is red------- premise
The chair in the bed room is red --------- premise

►Therefore the conclusion form or what we call the conjecture is

►All chairs in the house are red-------------conclusion

EXAMPLE 3:
▶ The period of a pendulum is the time it takes for the
pendulum to swing from left to right and back to its
original position.
▶ a. if a pendulum has a length of 81 units , what is its
period?
▶ b. If a pendulum has a length of 64 units, what is its
period?

APPLICATION:
INDUCTIVE REASONING
▶ Every number that is multiple of 10 is divisible by 4.
▶ 100
▶ 110
▶ 120
▶ 130
▶ 140
▶ 150

EXAMPLE 2:
EX. FOR ALL NUMBERS X:
EX. FOR ALL NUMBERS X:
▶If a number is divisible by 2 , then it must be
even.

▶12 is divisible by 2.

▶Therefore , 12 is an even number.

EX. DEDUCTIVE
▶If an ∠A and ∠B are supplementary
angles, Therefore their sum is 180 degree.

▶If m ∠A = 100 , then m ∠ B = 80

EXAMPLE: DEDUCTIVE REASONING


SOLVE FOR X IN THE EQUATION :
3( X+4)-2X = 20
▶ All fish need water to survive premise 1 General

▶ My pet star is a fish premise 2 specific

▶ Star needs water to survive Conclusion

APPLICATION:
▶During the past 10 years, a tree has
produced apple every other year. Last year
the tree did not produce apple, so this year
the tree will produce apple.

DETERMINE THE TYPE OF


REASONING APPLIED.
▶The owner of a house ask for the estimates
for home improvements. According to the
estimator , the estimated cost will be
$45,000. Thus
▶The home improvement will cost more
than the estimated cost.

DETERMINE THE TYPE OF REASONING


APPLIED.
►Example 1
►Procedure: Pick a number, multiply the
number by 6, add 8 to the product, divide
the sum by 2, subtract 4
from the quotient.

APPLICATION ON
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
► Logic is the science of correct
reasoning, it is the drawing of
inferences or conclusions from the
known or assumed facts

LOGIC
► Select a number 4
7 11
Multiply the number by 6 4x6=24 7x6=42
11x6=66
► Add 8 to the product 24+8=32 42+8=50
66+8=74
► Divide the sum by 2 32/2=16
50/2=25 74/2=37
► Subtract 4 from the quotient 16-4=12 25-4=21
37-4=33

EXAMPLE: USING INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING


( WITH THE USE OF LOGIC)
STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING
Polya’s Method
► Steps:
► 1.Define the problem, understand the problem properly.
Be clear to what the issue is.

2. Gather Information, you have to ask these questions…


What were the circumstances?
what are the verbal message being sent?
Who does it affect?

STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING


▶ 3. Determine the general possible solutions decide which
options you like and which you don’t like. After choosing,
choose the option that you feel comfortable with. Then do
the trial and error method.

4. Evaluate ideas and then choose one / Review the solution.


▶ Ensure that the solution is consistent with the facts of the
problem. Then interpret the solution

STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING


► Strategy 1:
► Make a guess and test to see if it satisfies the
demands of the problem. If it doesn't, alter the
guess appropriately and check again. Keep
doing this until you find a solution.

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES


► Step 1: Understanding the problem
► Step 2: Devise a plan
► Step 3: carry out the plan
► Step 4: looking back

STEPS: UNDER STRATEGY 1


►Draw a picture
►At this stage you must draw the picture and
mark down all the given information before
you try to solve it.

STRATEGY 2:
► Strategy 3: Using variable to find the sum of the
sequence.
► Strategy 4: Working backward to determine the
starting point.
► Strategy 5: You have to look for a pattern
► Since a sequence is a pattern involving an ordered
arrangement of numbers. We first need to find a pattern.

STRATEGIES:
► Baltazar, et. al.,Mathematics in the Modern World,
2018.
► Cariño, et. al., Mathematics in the Modeern World,
2018.

REFERENCES:
Prepared by: Arlin De Leon Pangilinan,MSEM

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