FLUID MECHANICS

CHAPTER ONE
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN
ENGINEERING FLUIDS
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS
WHAT IS
HYDRAULICS
FLUID
MECHANICS?

•Greek word “HUDAR” , means –

“WATER”
•It’s that branch of engineering
science deals with water ( at •Mechanics of fluids
rest or in motion) •It’s that branch of engineering
•Or its that branch of science which deals with the
engineering science which is behaviour of fluid under the
based on experimental conditions of rest & motion
observation of water flow.
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS is a study of the
behavior of liquids and gases either at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics).

The analysis is  relate

continuity of mass and energy
with force and momentum.

FLUID is a substance which deforms

continuously under the action of
shearing force (however small it is may
be)
 WHAT IS FLUID MECHANICS?
 Fluid – a substance that continually deforms (flows) under applied shear
stress
 Mechanics – science concerned with behaviour of physical bodies when
subjected to forces
 Fluid Mechanics – the science that deals with the behaviour of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or fluids in motion (fluid dynamics), and their
subsequent effects on the surrounding environment

Last Updated:August 25, 2024 © LMS SEGi education group 5

Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics
 IMPORTANT OF FLUID MECHANICS

To determine flow
and energy losses
in pipe

To determine the To design fluid

hydrostatic forces  machines  pumps
dams and turbines

To determine flow
To determine the IMPORTANT rate, energy
stability of floating OF FLUID dissipation from
and submerged
objects  pontoons, MECHANICS spillway and flow in
open channels such
ships TO ENGINEER as rivers
 HISTORY (Cengel & Cimbala, 2006)
 Archimedes (285-212 BC) - buoyancy  Louis Navier (1785-1836), George Stokes
 Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) - hydrostatics (1819-1903) – equations of fluid motion
 Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) – energy with friction

equation  William Froude (1810-1879) – resistance

 Antonie Chezy (1718-1798) – velocity in of partially submerged objects

channel  Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) – 1-D flow

 Henry Darcy (1803-1858) – groundwater through constant area duct with heat

flow transfer

 Jean Poiseuille (1799-1869) – laminar flow  Sir Horace Lamb (1849-1934) – waves in

 Lord Osborn Reynolds (1842-1912) – flow solids

regime  Wilbur & Orville Wright – 1st aeroplane

 Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) – boundary
layer

Last Updated:August 25, 2024 © LMS SEGi education group 8

 9
Last Updated:August 25, 2024 © LMS SEGi education group
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID AND FLUID

ITEM 1 ITEM 2

SOLID FLUID
Does not have
Have preferred
any preferred
shape
shape

Hard & not

Soft & easily
easily
deformed
deformed

Cannot
Deformed
deformed
continuously
continuously
under shear
under shear
force
force
 3 CONDITIONS OF FLUIDS

• The study of • Deals with the –

incompressible fluid velocities, • Deal with the
under static conditions accelerations and relationship between
(hydrostatics) pattern of flow only velocities and
accelerations of fluid
• That dealing with the • Force and energy with the FORCES @
compressible static causing velocities and ENERGY causing them.
gases- aerostatics accelerations are not
deal under this head.
STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS
 CONCEPT OF FLUID
In FLUID:
-The molecules can move freely but are constrained through a traction force called
cohesion.
-This force is interchangeable from one molecule to another.

For GASES:
-It is very weak which enables the gas to disintegrate and move away from its container.
-A gas is a fluid that is easily compressed and expands to fill its container.
-It fills any vessel in which it is contained. There is thus no free surface.

For LIQUIDS:
-It is stronger which is sufficient enough to hold the molecule together and can withstand
high compression, which is suitable for application as hydraulic fluid such as oil.
-On the surface, the cohesion forms a resultant force directed into the liquid region and the
combination of cohesion forces between adjacent molecules from a tensioned membrane
known as free surface.
1.1 FLUID AS CONTINUUM
Continuum mechanics and its concept

• It is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis

of the kinematics and mechanical behaviour of materials
modelled as a continuum. (eg. solids and fluids), (eg.
liquids and gases)

• A continuum concept assumes that the substance of the

body is distributed uniformly throughout, and
completely fills the space it occupies.

• Fluid properties is depends on their molecular

structure.However, engineering applications hardly
analyses fluids at molecular level.

• It is the fluid’s bulk behavior of main concern in

engineering applications.
CONTINUUM CONCEPTS
• Atoms are widely spaced in
the gas phase.
• However, we can disregard
the atomic nature of a
substance.
• View it as a continuous,
homogeneous matter with no
holes, that is, a continuum.
• This allows us to treat
properties as smoothly
varying quantities.
• Continuum is valid as long as
size of the system is large in
comparison to distance
between molecules.
 • A continuous substance
where quantities such as
velocity and pressure can be
Fluid as a taken as constant at any
continuum section irrespective of the
individual fluid particle
velocity.
 PRESSURE

 Pressure acts
perpendicular to the
surface and
increases at greater
depth.

force
pressure 
area

Pressure is the force per unit area, where the force is perpendicular to the area .
 A measure of the amount of force exerted on a surface area
1.2 UNITS AND DIMENSION USED IN ENGINEERING
FLUIDS

WHAT IS WHAT IS
UNITS? DIMENSION?

•Standardized system of
•Measurable properties used to
measurements used to
describe a body/system
describe the magnitude
•The standard element, in
of the dimension
terms of which these
•A properties that can
dimensions can be described
be measured
quantitatively & assigned
numerical values.
 VARIOUS SYSTEM OF UNIT
• The primary quantities which are also referred to as basic dimensions,
such as L for length, T for time, M for mass and F for force.
• Student also expected to be familiar with the various systems of units
used in engineering. These systems include :

Imperial units ( British

Parameter SI UNITS c.g.s system of unit Gravitational system; English
Units)
Length Meters (m) Centimeters (cm) Foot (ft)

Mass kilogram(kg) Gramme (g) Pound ( Ib)

Time Seconds (s) Seconds (s) Seconds (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K) Degree Fahrenheit ( oF)

As any quantity can be expressed in whatever way you like it is sometimes easy to become confused as
to what exactly or how much is being referred to. This is particularly true in the field of fluid
mechanics.
DERIVED UNIT
1. DENSITY
Regardless of form (solid, liquid,
gas) we can define how much
mass is squeezed into a
particular space

Density of a material is defined

by the amount of matter per
unit volume.

Density of material may be

referred to in many ways.
 1.1 MASS DENSITY, 
Definition
Density of a fluid, , is defined as the mass per unit
volume
• It is denoted by the Greek symbol, .

kg

 == m
kgm-3 V m3

 water= 1000 kgm-3

air =1.23 kgm-3

 1.2 SPECIFIC WEIGHT, 
Definition
Specific weight of a fluid,  , is defined as the weight of the
fluid per unit volume .
Force exerted by gravity, g, upon unit volume of substance

 = the density of the material (kgm-3)

w g = acceleration due to gravity (ms-2)
= = g
V

Units: N/m3

 Water = 9.81 X 103 N/m3

 1.3 RELATIVE DENSITY
@ SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG
Definition
A ratio of the specific weight of a substance to the specific
weight of water at standard temperature (4C) and atmospheric
pressure.

 
SG  s  s
 
w @ 4 C w @ 4 C

Units:
dimensionless

Unit is none, since ratio is a pure number. SG is a dimensionless

quantity
 2. SPECIFIC VOLUME, V
Definition
The reciprocal of the mass density i.e. the volume per unit
mass or the inverse of density

v = 1/r = V/m
Units: m3/kg
3. VISCOSITY

Dynamic

Kinematic
 3.1 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, µ
Definition
Dynamic viscosity, µ , is defined as the Shear force per unit
area (shear stress, ) needed to drag a layer of fluid with a unit
velocity past another layer at a unit distance away from it in the
fluid
Measure of internal friction of fluid particles
• Molecular cohesiveness
• Resistance fluid has to shear (or flow)

Water:

Air:

Units:
 3.2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, ν
Definition
It defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to mass
density


v

• Will be found to be important in
cases in which significant viscous
and gravitational forces exist.

Typical values:
μ = dynamic viscosity Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
ρ= mass density Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;

Units: m2/s or stokes (10,000 St = 1m2s-1)

 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
When fluid moves, it generates shearing stress
If no movement between the moving fluid particles  no shear stresses
developed

Fluid particles which in contact with solid boundaries will adhere to these
boundaries  will have same velocities as the solid boundaries

Movement of a fluid over solid boundary can be visualized as layers of a

fluid moving one above the other.

The velocity of fluid layers increases as the distance from the solid
boundary increases
y

v
Flowing passing over a solid boundary
 TEMPERATURE VS VISCOSITY (LIQUID AND
GASES)
• Viscosity is caused by the cohesive
forces between the molecules in
liquids and by the molecular
Viscosity
collisions in gases, ant it varies
greatly with temperature.
Liquids
• The viscosity of liquid decreases
with temperature, whereas the
viscosity of gases increases with
temperature.
• This is because in a liquid the
molecules possess more energy at
Gases higher temperature and they can
oppose the large cohesive
intermolecular forces more
Temperature
strongly.
• As a result, the energized liquid
molecules can move more freely.
• In gases, the intermolecular
activities are negligible and the
gas molecules at high temperature
VISCOSITY IN GASES & LIQUIDS
Viscosity in gases
• Due to intermolecular collision
between randomly moving
particles
• For gas, temperature , amount of
intermolecular collision ,
viscosity
Viscosity in liquid
• Due to intermolecular collision
between liquid particles
• For liquid, temperature ,
intermolecular collision is
weakened, viscosity
 NEWTON LAW OF VISCOSITY
It is important to evaluate the magnitude of the shear stress
generated by the moving fluid

du
Newton’s Law of viscosity:   (1.1)

 = shear stress (tau) dy

 = viscosity of fluid
du/dy = shear rate, rate of
strain or velocity
• The
gradient
viscosity  is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the
magnitude of .
 NEWTONIAN &
NON NEWTONIAN FLUID
obey refer
Fluid Newton’s Newtonian fluids
law
of viscosity

Example: Air, Water, Oil, Gasoline, Alcohol, Kerosene, Benzene, Glycerine

not obey refer

Fluid Newton’s Non Newtonian fluids
law
of viscosity
 NON NEWTONIAN FLUID

*The slope of a curve at a point is the apparent viscosity of the fluid at that p
 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
1.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE, SURFACE TENSION,

AND CAPILLARITY

At the end of this topic student should:

•Be able to define the fluid parameters.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to apply surface tension and capillarity in solving fluid
engineering problem.(CO1-PO1)
•Be able to use the Newton’s law of viscosity which are the
relationship of shear stress and velocity gradient in solving fluid
engineering problems (CO1-PO3)
 4. SURFACE TENSION, σ
Surface tension
• defined as the force acting a unit length
of a line drawn in the liquid surface

Surface tension
• Surface tension tend to reduce the
surface area of a body of liquid
p • The internal pressure within the droplet,
p and the surface tension forces, must
  be in equilibrium.
 Surface tension
• Taking vertical equilibrium of the forces acting on
the droplet
• The magnitude of surface tension forces are very
small compared to other forces
• Normally are neglected

2r  pr 2

2 pr
p  Units : N/m
r 2
5. VAPOR PRESSURE, Pv
Vapor pressure
• defined as the pressure at which a liquid
turns to vapour
• the pressure exerted by its vapor in phase
equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature
• The molecules which moves above the surface of
the liquid exert pressure in the confined surface

Vapor pressure

Pvapour = P saturation
Units: N/m2 or
Pascal
 6. CAPILLARITY
When a liquid comes into contact with a solid surface:
- Adhesion forces: forces between solid and liquid
- Cohesion forces: forces within liquid

If cohesive forces > adhesive forces, the meniscus in a glass tube will take
a shape as in figure (a) and (b).

Figure (a) and (b)

 Capillary effect is
the rise or fall of a
liquid in a small-
diameter tube

4 cos  4 cos  2 cos 

h @ h  d @ h  gr
gd
where h = height of capillary rise (or depression)
 = surface tension
Units= m @  = wetting (contact) angle
mm  = specific weight of liquid
r = radius of tube