William Stallings Data and Computer Communications: Multiplexing

William Stallings
Data and Computer

Communications
Chapter 8
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
• The link is able to carry n separate
channels of data.
• The multiplexer combines data from the n
input lines and transmits over a higher-
capacity data link.
Multiplexing
• The demultiplexer accepts the multiplexed
data stream, separates the data, and
delivers data to the appropriate output
lines.
• A common application of multiplexing is in
long-haul communications (Carry large
numbers of voice and data transmissions).
Multiplexing Techniques
• There are three types of multiplexing
techniques:
1) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), also
known as
synchronous TDM
3) Statistical TDM, also known as
asynchronous
TDM, and intelligent TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• FDM is possible when the useful bandwidth of
the transmission medium exceeds the required
bandwidth of signals to be transmitted
• Each signal is modulated onto a different
carrier frequency
• To prevent interference, the channels are
separated by guard bands, which are unused
portions of the spectrum
• FDM is used by satellites to transmit multiple
channels of data on uplink and downlink
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM System
FDM System
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals
Analog Carrier Systems
• AT&T (USA)
• Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— the subcarriers have frequencies from 64 to 108 kHz
• Supergroup
— 60 channels (5 groups)
• Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups support 600 channels
( See Table 8.1 for FDM Carrier standards page 247)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• This is a form of frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
• Multiple beams of light at different frequencies are
transmitted on the same optical fiber.
• Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate data
channel
• 1997 Bell Labs
— 100 beams
— Each at 10 Gbps
— Giving 1 terabit per second (1 Tbps)
• Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps now
available
• Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps each
— 10.1 Tbps
— Over 100km
WDM Operation
•A number of sources generate laser beams at

different wavelengths
•These are sent to a multiplexer, which consolidates
the sources for transmission over a single fiber line
• Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
— Typically tens of km apart
•Demultiplexer separates channels at the destination
•Most WDM systems operate in the 1550-nm range
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• DWDM
• No official or standard definition
• Implies more channels than WDM
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of
signal to be transmitted
• The multiplexer giving exactly the same
amount of time to each device connected
to it
• This time slice is allocated even if a device
has nothing to transmit
• This is wasteful (why?) many time slots
are not being used
Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
Synchronous TDM System
Synchronous TDM System
TDM Link Control
• Flow control
—Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
—If one channel receiver can not receive data,
the others must carry on
—Flow of data from the corresponding input
device must cease
—This leaves empty slots
• Error control
—Errors are detected and handled by individual
channel systems
Use of Data Link Control on TDM
Channels
Framing
• Must provide synchronizing mechanism
• An identifiable pattern of bits, from frame
to frame, is used as a “control channel”
• A typical example is the alternating bit
pattern, 10101010
• This is a pattern unlikely to be sustained
on a data channel
Pulse Stuffing
• The most difficult problem in the design of a
synchronous time division multiplexer is that
of synchronizing the various data sources
• Pulse stuffing is the process of adding non-

data bits to a signal before that signal is
transmitted over a network
• Pulse stuffing is used to control

synchronization and make sure that the
frames transmitted over a network conform to
a standard size.
TDM of Analog and Digital Sources
TDM Digital Carrier Systems
• USA/Canada/Japan use same TDM Digital
carrier system
• ITU-T use a similar (but not identical)
system, see table 8.3 page 253
• US system based on DS-1 format
• Multiplexes 24 channels
• Each frame has 8 bits per channel plus
one framing bit
• 193 bits per frame
• For voice transmission:
- Each channel contains digitized voice data
- The original analog voice signal is digitized using pulse
code modulation (PCM) at a rate of 8000 samples/sec
- Total data rate=24x8x8000= 1.5 Mbps
- For five of every six frames, 8-bit PCM samples are used
- For every sixth frame, each channel contains a 7-bit
PCM word plus a signaling bit
- The signaling bits form a stream for each voice channel
that contains routing information
• For Data transmission:
- The 24th channel is reserved a special sync byte
- The special sync byte allows faster and more
reliable reframing following a framing error
- Channels 1-23:
Within each channel, 7 bits are used for data, with
the eighth bit used to indicate whether the
channel, for that frame, contains user data or
system control data
- A data rate of 56 kbps can be provided per
channel
DS-1 Transmission Format
Statistical TDM
• In Synchronous TDM many slots are
wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand
• Multiplexer scans input lines and collects
data until frame full
• The data rate on the multiplexed line is
less than the sum of the data rates of the
attached devices
Statistical TDM Frame Formats
Performance
• The data rate of the output of a statistical
multiplexer is less than the sum of the
data rates of the inputs
• May cause problems during peak periods
—Buffer inputs
Cable Modem
• A cable TV provider dedicates two cable TV
channels to data transfer
• Each channel shared by number of
subscribers, using statistical TDM
• Downstream
—cable scheduler delivers data in small packets
—active subscribers share downstream capacity
• Upstream
—user requests timeslots on shared upstream
channel
—Headend scheduler notifies subscriber of slots
to use
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber
Line
• ADSL
• Link between subscriber and network
• Uses currently installed twisted pair cable
ADSL Design
• Asymmetric
—Greater capacity downstream than upstream
• Frequency division multiplexing
—Less than 25kHz for voice
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
• The voice is carried only in the 0 to 4 kHz band; the
additional bandwidth is to prevent crosstalk between
the voice and data channels.
—Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two
bands
• Range 5.5km
Echo cancellation
• Echo cancellation is a signal processing
technique that allows transmission of
digital signals in both directions on a single
transmission line
• A transmitter must subtract the echo of its

own transmission from the incoming signal
to recover the signal sent by the other side
ADSL Channel Configuration
Discrete Multitone
• DMT
• multiple carrier signals at different
frequencies
• divide into 4kHz subchannels
• test and use subchannels with better SNR
• 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz
(60kbps)
—in theory 15.36Mbps, in practice 1.5-9Mbps
DTM Bits Per Channel Allocation
DMT Transmitter
xDSL
• High data rate DSL
—2B1Q coding over two twisted pairs
—up to 2Mbps over 3.7km
• Single line DSL
—2B1Q coding on single twisted pair with echo
cancelling
—up to 2Mbps over 3km
• Very high data rate DSL
- DMT/QAM for very high data rates
- up to 52Mbps over 1.4km
Required Reading
• Sections: 8.1 – 8.5

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William Stallings

Data and Computer

( See Table 8.1 for FDM Carrier standards page 247)

•A number of sources generate laser beams at

• Pulse stuffing is the process of adding non-

• Pulse stuffing is used to control

• A transmitter must subtract the echo of its

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