Chapter 2 Laplace

Transform

1
Definition of Laplace
Transform
The Laplace Transform is an integral
transformation of a function f(t) from the
time domain into the complex frequency
domain, giving F(s)

s: complex frequency

Called “The One-sided or unilateral
Laplace Transform”.
In the two-sided or bilateral LT, the
lower limit is -. We do not use this.
Definition of Laplace
Transform
Example 1
Determine the Laplace transform of each of the
following functions shown below:

3
Definition of Laplace
Transform

Solution:
a) The Laplace Transform of unit step, u(t) is given by

 1
Lu (t ) F ( s )  1e dt 
 st
0 s

4
Definition of Laplace
Transform

Solution:
b) The Laplace Transform of exponential function,
e-tu(t),>0 is given by

 1
Lu (t ) F ( s )  e e dt 
 t  st
0 s 

5
Definition of Laplace
Transform

Solution:
c) The Laplace Transform of impulse function,
δ(t) is given by


Lu (t ) F ( s )   (t )e  st dt 1
0

6
Functional
Transform
 TYPE f(t) F(s)

Impulse δ(t)
1
Step u(t) 1
s
Ramp t 1
s2

Exponential  at 1
e s  a 
Sine 
sin t s 2
2 
Cosine cos t s
s 2
2 
 TYPE f(t) F(s)

Damped ramp te  at 1
s  a 2
Damped sine  at 
e sin t s  a 2   2

Damped cosine sa

e  at cos t
s  a 2   2
Properties of Laplace
Transform
Step Function

The symbol for the step function is K

u(t).
Mathematical definition of the step
function:
Ku (t ) 0, t 0
Ku (t ) K , t  0
f(t) = K
u(t)
f (t )

t
0
Properties of Laplace
Transform
Step Function

A discontinuity of the step function

may occur at some time other than
t=0.
A step that occurs at t=a is expressed
as:
Ku (t  a ) 0, t  a
Ku (t  a ) K , t  a
f(t) = K u(t-a)
f (t )

t
0 a
Properties of Laplace
Transform
Impulse Function

The symbol for the impulse function is (t).

Mathematical definition of the impulse
function:


 (t )

d (t ) 1

 (t ) 0, t 0
Properties of Laplace
Transform

Impulse Function

The area under the impulse function is

constant and represents the strength
of the impulse.
The impulse is zero everywhere
except at t=0.
An impulse that occurs at t = a is
denoted K (t-a)
f(t) = K (t)

f (t )

K  K 
K (t ) K (t  a)

t
0 a
Properties of Laplace
Transform

Linearity
If F1(s) and F2(s) are, respectively, the Laplace
Transforms of f1(t) and f2(t)

La1 f1 (t )  a2 f 2 (t ) a1 F1 ( s )  a2 F2 ( s )

21
Properties of Laplace
Transform

Scaling
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then

1 s
L f (at )  F ( )
a a

22
Properties of Laplace
Transform

Time Shift
If F (s) is the Laplace Transforms of f (t), then

L f (t  a)u (t  a) e  as F ( s)

23
The Inverse Laplace
Transform
Suppose F(s) has the general form of
N ( s )......numerator polynomial
F (s) 
D( s )...denominator polynomial
The finding the inverse Laplace transform of F(s)
involves two steps:
1. Decompose F(s) into simple terms using
partial fraction expansion.
2. Find the inverse of each term by matching
entries in Laplace Transform Table.

24
The Inverse Laplace Transform

Example 1
Find the inverse Laplace transform of

3 5 6
F (s)    2
s s 1 s  4
Solution:

1  3   1 5   1 6 
f (t ) L    L  L  2 
 s  s 1   s 4
(3  5e  t  3 sin(2t )u (t ), t 0

25
Partial Fraction
Expansion
1) Distinct Real Roots of D(s)

96( s  5)( s  12)

F (s) 
s ( s  8)( s  6)

s1= 0, s2= -8
s3= -6
 1) Distinct Real Roots

96( s  5)( s  12) K1 K 2 K3

F (s)    
s( s  8)( s  6) s s 8 s 6
To find K1: multiply both sides by s
and evaluates both sides at s=0
To find K : multiply both sides by s+8
2
and evaluates both sides at s=-8
To find K : multiply both sides by s+6
3
and evaluates both sides at s=-6
Find K1

96( s  5)( s  12) K2s K3s

 K1  
( s  8)( s  6) s 0 s  8 s 0 s  6 s 0

96(5)(12)
 K1  120
(8)(6)
 Find K2

96( s  5)(s  12) K1 ( s  8) K 3 ( s  8)

  K2 
s ( s  6) s  8
s( s  6) s  8 s( s  6) s  8

96( 3)(4)
 K2   72
( 8)( 2)
 Find K3

96( s  5)( s  12) K1 ( s  6) K 2 ( s  6)

   K3
s( s  8) s  6
s( s  8) s  6 s( s  8) s  6

96( 1)(6)
 K3  48
( 6)(2)
Inverse Laplace of F(s)

120 72 48
F (s)   
s s 8 s 6

1  120 72 48 
L   
 s s  8 s  6 
 
f (t )  120  72e  8t  48e  6t u (t )