Shubham Jha

Shubham Jha
 Shubham Jha

All these devices cannot be

run without electricity.
Shubham Jha
 Shubham Jha

3. Current Electricity
 Potential and potential difference
 Conductor and insulators
 Electrical resistance and ohm’s law
 Connection of resistors and effective resistance
 Shubham Jha

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EasyLearning
Making Learning Easy
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Does it
mean
Shock ?
 Shubham Jha

No
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 Shubham Jha

What makes the charge

flow ?
 Shubham Jha

What makes the charge

flow ?
 Shubham Jha

What makes the charge

flow ?
 Shubham Jha

There is a difference between higher potential

and lower potential . This is called potential
 Shubham Jha

A Electric current
B Potential difference
C Height
D Temperature difference
 Shubham Jha

These are called

free electrons.
Shubham ha
 Shubham Jha

A 2
B 8
C 1
D 9
Shubham Jha
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 Shubham Jha
Current flowing through a
wire

• if a conducting wire is not connected to a cell,

its free electrons move randomly in all
directions in the space between the atoms.
 Shubham Jha
• When we connect the ends of the wire to the two terminals of a cell,

• Being negatively charged, they start moving from the -ve

(lower potential) to the +ve (higher potential) terminal of the cell
 Shubham Jha
• Flow of free e- : From –ve to +ve

• Conventional Current : From +ve to -

ve
 Shubham Jha

A -ve to +ve
B +ve to -ve
C -ve to -ve
D +ve to +ve
 Shubham Jha

• S.I. Unit of Charge (Q)  Coulomb (C)

• The charge of one electron is - 1.6 x 10-19
C.

Sir
 Shubham Jha

Potential
Difference
High Low
Potential Potential

A B
 Shubham Jha
• S.I. Unit of Potential Difference (V)  Volt (V)

W 1
V 1 Joule
Q Volt 1
Coulomb
 1 mV (millivolt) = 10-3
V
 1 µV (microvolt) = 10-6
V

 1 kV (kilovolt) = 103 V
 1 MV (megavolt) = 106 V
 Shubham Jha

A 10-2

B 10-3

C 10-6

D 10-9
 Shubham Jha

A - 1.6 C
B - 1.6 × 10-9 C
C - 1.6 × 10-19 C
D 10-19 C
 Shubham ha

• S.I. Unit of Current (I)  Ampere (A)

• Ampere is the unit for

measuring electric current

Sir Andre
 Shubham ha
• S.I. Unit of Current (I)  Ampere (A)

Time

Charge
 Shubham ha
• S.I. Unit of Current (I)  Ampere (A)

 1 mA (milliampere) = 10-3
A
 1 µV (microampere) = 10-6
A
 Shubham Jha

A Ampere
B Coulomb
C Ohm
D None of these
 Shubham Jha

 Important Physical Quantities in this

chapter
Electric Current (I) Ampere (A)

Electric Charge (Q) Coulomb (C)

Potential Difference (V) Volt (V)

 Shubham Jha

Q=I
t
W=V
Q
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : A current of 0.4 A flows through a conductor

for 5 minutes. How much charge would have passed through
the conductor?

Current (I) = 0.4

A Time (t) = 5
min
= 5 × 60
= 300
seconds

Charge
(Q) = ?
 Shubham Jha

Q=I×
t
Q = 0.4 × 300
Q = 120
Coulomb
 Shubham Jha

Exercise Example : If a charge of 420 C flows through a

conducting wire in 5 minutes what is the value of the
current?

Charge (Q) = 420

C Time (t) = 5 min
= 5 × 60
= 300
seconds

Current (I)
=?
 Shubham Jha

Q=I×
t
420 = I ×
300
420
I I = 1.4
= 300 A

I = 1.4
Ampere
 Shubham Jha

Example : Find the amount of work done if 3 C of charge is

moved through a potential difference of 9 V.

Charge (Q) = 3 C
Potential difference (V) = 9
V

Work done (W) = ?

W=V Q
 Shubham Jha

W=V×
QW=9
×3
W = 27
Joules
 Shubham Jha

A Current
B Time
C Current × time
D Current + time
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham Jha
Ohm’s
Law
 Shubham ha
Ohm’s
Law
• If the physical state of a
conductor remains constant,
• the current (I) flowing through it
is
• directly proportional to the
potential difference (V) between its
two ends.

Length,
Area of cross-
section,
Temperature &
 Shubham ha

• This is known as Ohm’s

law.
 Shubham Jha

A Potential difference
B Time
C Potential difference ÷ Current
D Potential difference × time
 Shubham Jha

A Variable
B Increases over time
C Decreases over time
D Constant
 Shubham Jha
Resistance

• There are a large number of

free electrons in a conductor.

• They are constantly in random

motion.
 Shubham Jha
• Moving electrons strike the atoms and ions which lie
along their path.
 Shubham Jha
• Such collisions cause opposition to the flow of electrons and oppose
the current.

• This opposition is called the resistance of the conductor.

 Shubham Jha
• More the resistance, Less the
current

• Less the resistance, More the

current
 Shubham ha
• S.I. Unit of Resistance (R)  Ohm (Ω)

Sir George
Ohm
 Shubham Jha

A More
B Less
C Constant
D None of these
 Shubham ha

• Those substances which have • Those substances which have

very low resistance are extremely high resistance
called conductors. are called insulators.
• Current can flow easily • Current cannot flow
through such materials. easily through such
materials.
 Shubham ha

• They contain large number • They contain less or

of free electrons practically no free electrons
 Shubham ha

• Conductors are mostly • Insulators are mostly

metals. non- metals.

Wood Rubber
Copper Aluminium
wire wire
 Shubham Jha

A Copper
B Zinc
C Wood
D Aluminium
 Shubham Jha

• Length
• Area of cross
lection
• Material
 Shubham Jha

• Length R
• Area of cross
lection
• Material
 Shubham Jha

• Length R
• Area of cross
lection
• Material
 Shubham Jha

• Length
• Area of cross
lection
• Material
 Shubham ha

If the door is wider,

more people can
enter
 Shubham ha

If wire is thicker ,
more electrons can
flow
 Shubham Jha

• Length
• Area of cross
lection
• Material
 Shubham Jha
• S.I. Unit of Resistivity (ρ)  Ohm metre (Ω m).
 Shubham Jha
• Resistivity is a specific property of a
material

• Different materials have different

resistivity

Copper Nichrome
1.7 × 10-8 Ω 1.1 × 10-6 Ω
m m
 Shubham Jha

A Resistance
B Voltage
C Current
D Resistivity
 Shubham Jha

A Resistance
B Voltage
C Charge
D Resistivity
 Shubham ha

• The oppsoition to the flow • Resistivity is a specific

of electrons is called property of a material of a
resistance conductor.
• The S.I. Unit of Resistance (R) • The S.I. Unit of Resistivity (ρ)
is Ohm (Ω) is Ohm meter (Ω m).
• It depends on Temperature, • It depends only on material
Length, Area of cross section
& material
 Shubham Jha

A Ω
B ρ
C Ωm
D Ω/ m
Shubham ha
 Shubham ha

CEL
L

BATTER
Y
 Shubham ha
KEYS /
SWICHES
PLUG PLUG
KEY KEY

Closed Open
(on) (off)
TAP TAP
KEY KEY

Closed Open (off)

 Shubham ha

RESISTANC
E
 Shubham ha
MEASURING
INTRUMENTS
AMMETE
R
 Shubham ha
MEASURING
INTRUMENTS
VOLTMETE
R
 Shubham ha

CONDUCTIN
G WIRES
Shubham ha
 Shubham Jha

A Resistive meter
B Ammeter
C Voltmeter
D None
 Shubham Jha

A Voltage
B Resistivity
C Resistance
D Current
 Shubham Jha

A 2Ω
B 3Ω
C 1Ω
D 6Ω
 Shubham Jha

A Parabola
B Rectangular parabola
C Straight line
D Circular
 Shubham Jha

V=I
R
 R = ρL
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : The resistance of the filament in a light bulb is

1000 Ω. If the bulb is fed by a current from a source of potential
difference 230 V, how much current will flow through it?

Resistance (R) = 1000

Ω
P.D. (V) = 230 V

Current (I) = ?

V=I R
 Shubham Jha

V
R= I

I=
V I=
1000
R 230

I = 0.23
A
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : A current of 0.24 A flows through a conductor when

a potential difference of 24 V is applied between its two ends. What
is its resistance?

Current (I) = 0.24 A

P.D. (V) = 24 V

Resistance (R)
=?

V=I R
 Shubham Jha

V
R= I

R=
24
0.24

R = 100
Ω
 Shubham Jha
Solved Example : Determine the current that will flow when a
potential difference of 33 V is applied between two ends of an
appliance having a resistance of 110 Ω. If the same current is to
flow through an appliance having a resistance of 500 Ω, how
much potential difference should be applied across its two
ends?
P.D. (V1) = 33 V
Resistance (R1) = 110 Ω
Resistance (R2) = 500 Ω

Current (I) = ?
P.D. (V2) = ?
V=I R
 Shubham Jha

1st
Case
V
I
= R
1

1
3
I
3
110
=
I = 0.3
A
 Shubham Jha

2nd Case
V2 = I R2
V2 = 0.3
500

V2 = 150 V
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : The length of a conducting wire is 50 cm and its

radius is 0.5 mm. If its resistance is 30 Ω, what is the resistivity
of its material?

Length (L) = 50 cm = 50 × 10-2

m Radius (r) = 0.5 mm = 5 × 10-
4 m Resistance (R) = 30 Ω
Resistivity (R) = ?

R = ρL
A
 Shubham Jha

R = ρL ρ = RA
ρ=R
L πr2 L
A
3.14 (5 × 10-
ρ = 30 4 )2

50 × 10-2
ρ = 30
3.14 25 × 10-8
50 × 10-2
 Shubham Jha

ρ = 30 3.14 25 × 10-
8 50 × 10-
2

ρ = 94.2
25
50 × 10×
-2 10-

ρ = 94.2 ×
10-8
2 × 10-2
-
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : Determine the resistance of a copper wire

having a length of 1 km and diameter of 0.5 mm

Length (L) = 1 Km = 1 × 103 m

Radius (r) = 0.25 mm = 2.5 × 10-4
m

Resistance (R) = ?

R = ρL
 Shubham Jha

R = ρL R = ρL
πr2
A
R = 1.7 × 10-8 × 103
3.14 × (2.5 × 10-
4 )2

R = 1.7 × 10-8 × 103

3.14 × 6.25 × 10-8
 Shubham Jha

R = 1.7 × 10-8 ×
103 3.14 × 6.25 ×
10-8
R = 0.085 × 103

R = 85 Ω
 Shubham Jha

A IR2
B IR
C I2 R
D 12R3
 Shubham Jha

https://t.me/class9shubham
 Shubham ha
Resistance can be connected in two
ways

Serie
Parall
s
el
 Shubham ha
Resistance can be connected in two
ways

Serie
Parall
s
el
 Shubham ha
Resistance can be connected in two
ways

Series
Parall
el
 Shubham ha
Resistance can be connected in two
ways

Series
Parall
el
 Shubham Jha

A Series
B Parallel
C Both
D None
 Shubham Jha

A Current
B Resistance
C Both
D None
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
 Shubham ha

The effective resistance of

the resistors is equal to the
sum of their individual
resistances.
 Shubham Jha

A Current
B Resistance
C Voltage
D None
 Shubham Jha

A Product
B Sum
C Substraction
D None
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
Shubham ha
 Shubham ha

The inverse of the effective resistance

is equal to the sum of the inverses of
individual resistances.
 Shubham Jha

A Current remains same

B Voltage remains same
C Both
D None
 Shubham Jha

A Has very low resistance

B Has very high resistance
C Depends on material
D None
Shubham Jha
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : Three resistors having resistances of 15 Ω, 3 Ω and

4 Ω are connected in series. What is the effective resistance in the
circuit?

Resistance (R1) = 15
Ω Resistance (R2) = 3
Ω Resistance (R3) = 4
Ω

Effective
Resistance
(Rs) = ?
 Shubham Jha

Rs = 15 + 3 +
4

Rs = 22 Ω
 Shubham Jha
Solved Example : Two resistors having resistances of 16 Ω and 14 Ω
are connected in series. If a potential difference of 18 V is
applied across them, calculate the current flowing through the
circuit and the potential difference across the end of each
individual resistor.

Resistance (R1) = 16 Ω
Resistance (R2) = 14 Ω
Effective resistance (Rs) = 16 + 14 = 30
Ω
P.D. (V) = V1 + V2 = 18 V
V1 = ? ; V2 = ? ; I = ?
V=IR
 Shubham Jha

I=
V I= I = 0.6
R 18 A
V1 = I R1 V2 = I R2
V1 = 0.6 × 30 V2 = 0.6 ×
16
14 V2 = 8.4
V1 = 9.6 V
V
 Shubham Jha

Solved Example : Resistors having resistances of 15 Ω, 20 Ω and 10 Ω

are connected in parallel. What is the effective resistance in the
circuit?

Resistance (R1) = 15 Ω
Resistance (R2) = 20 Ω
Resistance (R3) = 10 Ω

Effective
Resistance
1 1 1
(Rp1) ==?
Rp R1 R2
R3
 Shubham Jha

1 1 1 1
=
Rp R1 R2
R3
1 1 1 1 1 6+4+
= =
Rp 15 20 Rp 3 60
10
1 1
= 3 Rp = 60 Rp = 4.615 Ω
Rp 60 1
3
 Shubham Jha
Solved Example : Three resistors having resistances of 5 Ω, 10 Ω and
30 Ω are connected in parallel and a potential difference of 12 V is
applied across them. Obtain the current flowing through the circuit
and through individual resistors. What is the effective resistance in
the circuit?

Resistance (R1) = 5 Ω
Resistance (R2) = 10 Ω
Resistance (R3) = 30
Ω
P.D. (V) = 12 V
Effective Resistance (Rp) = ?
Current across each resistor (I)
 Shubham Jha

1 1 1 1
=
Rp R1 R2 I=
V
R3
R

I1 =
V 12 I1 = 2.4
I1 =
1 5 A
R

I2 =
V I2 =
12 I2 = 1.2
A
R2
 Shubham Jha

I3 =
V I3 =
12 I3 = 0.4
R3 A

30
I = I1 + I2 + I3

I = 2.4 + 1.2 +
0.4 I = 4 A
 Shubham Jha

1 1 1 1
=
Rp R1 R2
R3
1 1 1 1 1 6+3+
= =
Rp 5 10 30 Rp 1 30

1 1
= 0 Rp = 30
Rp 30 1
0

Rp = 3
Ω
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
Shubham Jha
 Shubham Jha

A 220 V
B 250 V
C 0V
D Infinite V
 Shubham Jha

A Good
B Bad
C Not a conductor
D Cant say
 Shubham Jha

A Conductor
B Insulator
C Not a conductor
D Cant say
How to Enroll?
 Shubham Jha

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