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    DC Lec 11 (Signals)

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    This document discusses different types of signals used in data communication. It defines analog and digital signals and data, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It describes how analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. It also explains the characteristics of simple analog signals like sine waves, including their amplitude, period, and frequency.

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    DC Lec 11 (Signals)

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    tabby919
    40 views26 pages
    This document discusses different types of signals used in data communication. It defines analog and digital signals and data, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It describes how analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. It also explains the characteristics of simple analog signals like sine waves, including their amplitude, period, and frequency.

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    computer networking

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    This document discusses different types of signals used in data communication. It defines analog and digital signals and data, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It describes how analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. It also explains the characteristics of simple analog signals like sine waves, including their amplitude, period, and frequency.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    40 views26 pages

    DC Lec 11 (Signals)

    Uploaded by

    tabby919
    This document discusses different types of signals used in data communication. It defines analog and digital signals and data, and periodic and aperiodic signals. It describes how analog signals are continuous while digital signals are discrete. It also explains the characteristics of simple analog signals like sine waves, including their amplitude, period, and frequency.

    Copyright:

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    DATA COMMUNICATION

    Lecture-10

    Recap of Lecture 8, 9 & 10


    The OSI Model Functions of OSI Layers TCP/IP Protocol Suite

    Overview of Lecture 11
    Signals Analog and Digital Analog and Digital Data & Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals

    Signals
    Generally, the information is not in a form that can be transmitted over a Link The binary digits must be converted into a form that Transmission Medium can accept The data stream of 1s and 0's must be turned into Signals

    Signals
    Signaling is the way data is transmitted across the medium. The data/information to be communicated is transmitted in such a way that it can be understood by the receiver, and this is done by
    encoding (in terms of digital signaling)
    The information to be communicated can exist in both forms, i.e. modulation (in terms of analog signaling).

    analog and digital. The two signaling methods correspond to the two types of data described are:
    Digital Signaling and

    Analog Signaling.

    Analog
    ANALOG Refers to something that is Continuous. An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity over a period of time. CONTINUOUS A set of specific points of data and all possible points between them. A digital signal has only a limited number of defined values, often as simple as 1 and 0.

    Digital
    DIGITAL Refers to something that is Discrete.
    DISCRETE A set of specific points of data with no points in between.

    Analog and Digital Data


    For example,

    An analog clock that has hour, minute, and second hands gives information in a continuous form; the movements of the hands are continuous. On the other hand, a digital clock that reports the hours and the minutes will change suddenly from 8:05 to 8:06.

    Analog and Digital Data


    Analog Data E.g. the sounds made by a human voice, take on continuous values. When someone speaks, an analog wave is created in the air. This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an analog signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal. Digital Data
    Data stored in the memory of a computer.

    Analog and Digital Signals

    Periodic and Aperiodic Signals

    Signals (Analog or Digital)

    Periodic

    Aperiodic

    Periodic Signals
    A signal is called Periodic if it completes a pattern within a measurable time frame called a Period and then repeats that pattern over identical subsequent Periods

    Periodic Signal Example

    Aperiodic Signals
    An Aperiodic or Non-Periodic signal is the one that changes constantly without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time

    Aperiodic Signals

    Analog Signals
    Analog signals can be classified into:
    Simple Analog Signal (Sine wave)

    Composite Analog Signal

    Simple Analog Signal (Sine Wave)

    Simple Analog Signal (Sine Wave)


    Sine waves can be fully described:
    Amplitude Phase

    Period / Frequency

    Amplitude
    The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity, proportional to the energy it carries. For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally measured in volts. Example
    The power in your house can be represented by a sine wave with a peak amplitude of 155 to 170 V. However, it is common knowledge that the voltage of the power in U.S. homes is 110 to 120 V.

    Amplitude

    Period and Frequency

    Period and Frequency


    Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle. Frequency refers to the number of periods in I s. Note:
    Period and frequency are just one characteristic defined in two ways. Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency is the inverse of period, as the following formulas show. T= 1 / f OR f=1 / T

    Two signals with the same amplitude and phase, but different frequencies

    Units of Period & Frequency


    Seconds____Hertz Milliseconds____Kilohertz Microseconds____Megahertz Nanoseconds____Gigahertz Picoseconds____Terahertz

    Summary
    Signals Analog and Digital Analog and Digital Data & Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals Sine Waves and its Characteristics

    Suggested Reading
    Section 3.1, 3.2 Data Communications and Networking 4th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan

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