The Culture Environment Tradition

Jan Hyacinth M. Polangco BSED-SocStud 1st Year

 POPULATION GEOGRAPHY
Population geography relates spatial variations in the
distribution, composition, migration, and growth of
populations to the terrain. Population geography involves
demography in a geographical perspective. It focuses on the
characteristics of population distributions that change in a
spatial context. This often involves factors such as where
population is found and how the size and composition of
these population is regulated by the demographic processes
of fertility, mortality, and migration.

Contributions to population geography are cross-disciplinary

because geographical epistemologies related to
environment, place and space have been developed at
various times. Related disciplines include geography,
demography, sociology, and economics.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION
AND POPULATION CHANGE
(PLACING POPULATION IN CONTEXT)
What is the Population?

The word “population” comes from the Latin

word “Populus” meaning “people”. Population or
human population refers to the total number of
people found in a given area at a specified time.

The 8 Importance of Population

 It promotes the supply of labor that can be used in exploiting

or harnessing the idle resources like minerals, land, water
bodies etc.

 It can encourage or stimulate the diffusion of technology into

the destination from other areas the people who migrate
posses different skills of different environmental orientations
these can be spread into destination and help in the
utilization of local resources.
 Migration can lead to the expansion of market for the local goods
in the destination regions
 It can encourage the intensification of agricultural activities as a
result of the reduction in the size of arable land.
 It can stimulate the growth of towns (urbanization) and the
associated advantages.
 Development of strong defense against external enemies.

POPULATION CHANGE
Population change is simply the change in the number of people in a
specified area during a specific time period. Demographics (or
demography) is the study of population statistics, their variation and
its causes. These statistics include birth rates, death rates (and
hence life expectancy), migration rates and sex ratios. All of these
statistics are investigated by censuses and surveys conducted over a
period of time. Some demographic information can also be obtained
from historical maps, and aerial photographs.
A major purpose of demography is to inform government and
business planning of the resources that will be required as a result of
population changes.
Population Trend

The change in total population over a period is equal to the

number of births, minus the number of deaths, plus or minus the
net amount of migration in a population.

The Importance of Population Change

As human populations grow, human demands for resources like

water, land, trees, and energy also grow. Population growth has
relatively easy and inexpensive solutions and because population
impacts every environmental challenge — it is an essential
element to achieve sustainability.
Population growth is the increase in the
POPULATION GROWTH
number of people in a population or
dispersed group.

Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83

million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown
from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020. The UN projected
population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total
population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and
11.2 billion by 2100.

However, some academics outside the UN have increasingly

developed human population models that account for additional
downward pressures on population growth; in such a scenario
population would peak before 2100.

Population growth alongside increased consumption is a driver of

environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate
change, due to resources utilized in human development.
International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human
population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development
Goals which seek to improve the standard of living globally while
reducing the impact of society on the environment.
 POPULATION TERM AND CONCEPT
Natural population increase - is a positive
Birth Rate - the ratio between births natural change, when the number of live births
and individuals in a specified is larger than the number of deaths during the
population and time. time period considered. Natural population
decrease is the opposite, a negative natural
Death rate - the ratio of deaths to the
change, when number of deaths exceeds the
population of a particular area or
during a particular period of time, number of births.
usually calculated as the number of
deaths per one thousand people per Growth Rate (Rate of Growth) - Growth rates
year. refer to the percentage change of a specific
variable within a specific time period. Growth
Population Pyramids - are important rates can be positive or negative, depending
graphs for visualizing how populations on whether the size of the variable is
are composed when looking a groups increasing or decreasing over time. Growth
divided by age and sex. There are
three trends in population pyramids: rates were first used by biologists studying
expansive, constrictive, and stationary. population sizes, but they have since been
brought into use in studying economic activity,
corporate management, or investment returns.
 DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION
Demographic Transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth
rates and high death rates in societies with minimal technology, education (especially of women) and
economic development, to low birth rates and low death rates in societies with advanced technology,
education and economic development, as well as the stages between these two scenarios.

History
The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American
demographer Warren Thompson (1887–1973). Adolphe Landry of France made similar observations on
demographic patterns and population growth potential around 1934. In the 1940s and 1950s Frank W.
Notestein developed a more formal theory of demographic transition. By 2009, the existence of a negative
correlation between fertility and industrial development had become one of the most widely accepted
findings in social science.

The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia were the among the first populations to experience a demographic
transition, in the 18th century, prior to changes in mortality or fertility in other European Jews or in
Christians living in the Czech lands.
 The Five Stages of Demographic
Transition
The transition involves four stages, or possibly five.

STAGE ONE (1)

 Pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.
 All human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century, when this balance
ended in Western Europe.
 In fact, growth rates were less than 0.05% at least since the Agricultural Revolution over 10,000 years ago.
 Population growth is typically very slow in this stage, because the society is constrained by the available food
supply; therefore, unless the society develops new technologies to increase food production (e.g. discovers
new sources of food or achieves higher crop yields), any fluctuations in birth rates are soon matched by death
rates.

STAGE TWO (2)

 that of a developing country, the death rates drop quickly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation,
which increase life expectancy and reduce disease.
 The improvements specific to food supply typically include selective breeding and crop rotation and farming
techniques.
 Numerous improvements in public health reduce mortality, especially childhood mortality.
 Prior to the mid-20th century, these improvements in public health were primarily in the areas of food
handling, water supply, sewage, and personal hygiene.
 One of the variables often cited is the increase in female literacy combined with public health education
programs which emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
 In Europe, the death rate decline started in the late 18th century in northwestern Europe and spread to the
south and east over approximately the next 100 years. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this
produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population.
STAGE THREE (3)
 Birth rates fall due to various fertility factors such as access to contraception, increases in wages,
urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a
reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and
other social changes.
 Population growth begins to level off. The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th
century in northern Europe.
 While improvements in contraception do play a role in birth rate decline, contraceptives were not generally
available nor widely used in the 19th century and as a result likely did not play a significant role in the
decline then.
 It is important to note that birth rate decline is caused also by a transition in values; not just because of the
availability of contraceptives.

STAGE FOUR (4)

 There are both low birth rates and low death rates.
 Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and
Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth.
 As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working
population.
 Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low
exercise levels and high obesity rates and an aging population in developed countries. By the late 20th
century, birth rates and death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates.

STAGE FIVE (5)

 Some scholars break out, from stage four, a "stage five" of below-replacement fertility levels. Others
hypothesize a different "stage five" involving an increase in fertility.
 MIGRATION
Migration is a way to move from one place to another
in order to live and work. Movement of people from
their home to another city, state or country for a job,
shelter or some other reasons is called migration.
Migrants
People who move from one place to another in search of work or shelter are
called migrants. Most of the times migrants people are not skilled or educated therefore
they usually employed as daily wagers (workers who are paid at the end of each day, for
their services). Daily wagers do not get enough money for the survival of their families and
suffering from many problems such as they do not have enough food to eat,
sanitation, hygiene, a proper place to live.
CAUSES
Nowadays, many people decide to migrate to have a
better life.

 Employment opportunities are the most common

reason due to which people migrate.
 Lack of opportunities
 Better education
 Construction of dams
 Globalization
 Natural disaster (flood and drought) and sometimes
crop failure forced villagers to migrate to cities.
 IMPACTS
Migration is becoming a very important subject for the life of cities. Many opportunities and
attraction of big cities pull large numbers of people to big cities. Migration can have positive as
well as negative effects on the life of the migrants.

POSITIVE IMPACT

 Unemployment is reduced and people get better job opportunities.

 Migration helps in improving the quality of life of people.
 It helps to improve social life of people as they learn about new culture, customs, and
languages which helps to improve brotherhood among people.
 Migration of skilled workers leads to a greater economic growth of the region.
 Children get better opportunities for higher education.
 The population density is reduced and the birth rate decreases.
NEGATIVE IMPACT

 The loss of a person from rural areas, impact on the level of output and development of rural
areas.
 The influx of workers in urban areas increases competition for the job, houses, school facilities
etc.
 Having large population puts too much pressure on natural resources, amenities and services.
 It is difficult for a villager to survive in urban areas because in urban areas there is no natural
environment and pure air. They have to pay for each and everything.
 Migration changes the population of a place, therefore, the distribution of the population is
uneven in India.
 Many migrants are completely illiterate and uneducated, therefore, they are not only unfit for
most jobs, but also lack basic knowledge and life skills.
 Poverty makes them unable to live a normal and healthy life.
 Children growing up in poverty have no access to proper nutrition, education or health.
 Migration increased the slum areas in cities which increase many problems such as unhygienic
conditions, crime, pollution etc.
 Sometimes migrants are exploited.
 Migration is one of the main causes of increasing nuclear family where children grow up without
a wider family circle.
WORLD POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION
Population distribution is a term that is used
to describe how people are spread across a
specific area. In other words, population
distribution shows where people live.
Population distribution can be measured
across the entire world or a smaller region
within a country or continent. 2. Areas of medium density
10-50 people per km2
The world’s population distribution is divided Examples include California, south-
into 3 main groups: east Australia and the Nile Valley in
Egypt
1. Areas of low density
Less than 10 people per km2 3. Areas of high density
Examples include Sahara Desert and Canada Above 50 people per km2
Examples include South and East Asia
and Europe
POPULATION DENSITY
Population density is the number of people per
unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square
kilometer" or square mile, and which may
include or exclude, for example, areas of water
or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a
county, city, country, another territory or the
entire world.

 When looking at the world as a whole, the northern hemisphere has a much greater
population than the southern hemisphere, which is home to less than 10% of the world’s
total population. When looking further at the world’s total population distribution, nearly
three-quarters of the population live in Africa and Asia.
 Areas that are densely populated have very large populations within a unit of area.
Areas that are sparsely populated have much smaller populations in a unit of area.
Regions that are not densely populated generally have a hostile environment,
including a lack of vegetation, extremely cold temperatures, and/or geographic
isolation. Densely populated areas run the risk of higher costs of living, more traffic,
depletion of resources, and more pollution.

 The most densely populated regions, on the other hand, have more favorable
climates, clean water, and an abundance of natural resources. This includes regions
such as Western Europe or the Eastern United States. The most densely populated
countries are Macau (21,055 persons per square kilometer), Monaco (19,150 persons
per square kilometer), and Singapore (8,109 persons per square kilometer). The most
densely populated city globally is Dhaka, Bangladesh, where the density is 44,000 per
square kilometer. Mumbai, India, follows with 32,300 persons per square kilometer.
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
 The population of the world grew very slowly up until about
1900.
 The population then exploded and increased rapidly and still
continues today.
 The world’s population has continued to grow because the birth
rate has remained higher than the death rate.
REASONS FOR DIFFERENT POPULATIONS

Densely populated areas are areas which have large numbers of people per km2. These are areas
where there are many advantages for the people such as warmer climate, fertile soil and flat land.

Sparsely populated areas are areas which have small numbers of people per km2 . These are areas
where there are many disadvantages for the people such as extreme climates (too cold, too dry),
infertile soil and lack of employment.
For example, the UK has densely populated areas in large cities and along good transport links, but
sparsely populated areas along rugged coast lines and highland areas.

Also Brazil has densely populated regions close to large cities but sparsely populated regions in
the tropical rainforest and areas which suffer drought.
 THE CONCEPT OF
OVERPOPULATION
Overpopulation refers to a population which exceeds its
sustainable size within a particular environment or
habitat. Overpopulation results from an increased birth
rate, decreased death rate, the immigration to a new
ecological niche with fewer predators, or the sudden
decline in available resources. Therefore,
overpopulation describes a situation in which a
population in a given ecosystem limit the resources
available for survival.
Overpopulation can be defined as a state in which there are too many people on the planet to
supply them with basic things like drinkable water, food, breathable air and so on.

Overpopulation can also be defined as a state where the ecological footprint of humanity is
bigger than the planet’s carrying capacity, meaning that the damaging process is faster than the
repair process carried out by nature, which eventually will lead to an economic collapse.
In the following, the causes, effects and also solutions to the overpopulation problem will be
examined.
 POPULATION DATA
Population data is defined as a set of individuals who share a
characteristic or set of these. A population is mainly determined
by geographies, such as all people in California, or all people in
the United States. Demographers (people who study human
populations) categorize this as the natural population. A
collection of any living beings is considered a population.
Geography is one of the many ways in which the population is defined and analyzed. The era, political
inclinations, religious beliefs, or physical characteristics are ways of dividing people into different
communities. The study of populations is achieved by examining these diverse populations and
observing where they coincide.

Why is accurate Population Data necessary?

Critical decisions for a nation, organization, or family are made based on population data. Population
data contains various influential details such as birth, death, demographic information such as age,
sex, annual income, occupation, language, etc. The overall socio-economic, economic, political, cultural
progress of a country is dependent on population data to a large extent.
 POPULATION PROJECTION/PROSPECT

Population projections are calculations of future birth rate, death rate and migration of
population based on their past and present conditions. They are neither predictions, nor
forecasts, nor estimates. Rather they are in between predictions and forecasts.

In the field of demography, is an estimate of a future population. In contrast with intercensal

estimates and censuses, which usually involve some sort of field data gathering, projections
usually involve mathematical models based only on pre-existing data may be made by a
governmental organization, or by those unaffiliated with a government.
THANK
YOU!