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17 views46 pages

Week 1

ppt

Uploaded by

Arooba Asif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 46

Computer Communication

and Networks

MS Saira Nosheen

1
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Chapter 1
Introduction

1.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:


Components
Data Representation
Data Flow

1.3
Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

1.4
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.5
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network.

Topics discussed in this section:


Distributed Processing
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
1.6
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.7
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.8
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.9
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.10
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.11
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.12
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.13
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.14
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.15
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.16
1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:


A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

1.17
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

1.18
1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols


and standards. First, we define protocol, which is
synonymous with rule. Then we discuss standards, which
are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:


Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards

1.19
Chapter 2
Network Models

2.20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As
an example, let us consider two friends who
communicate through postal mail. The process of
sending a letter to a friend would be complex if
there were no services available from the post
office.

Topics discussed in this section:


Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.21
1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.22
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body
dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that
covers all aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It
was first introduced in the late 1970s.

Topics discussed in this section:


Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

2.23
Note

ISO is the organization.


OSI is the model.

2.24
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.25
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.26
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.27
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions


of each layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:


Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.28
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.29
Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of


individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.30
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.31
Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving


frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.32
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.33
Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.34
Note

The network layer is responsible for the


delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.35
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.36
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.37
Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery


of a message from one process to another.

2.38
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.39
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.40
Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog


control and synchronization.

2.41
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.42
Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,


compression, and encryption.

2.43
Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.44
Note

The application layer is responsible for


providing services to the user.

2.45
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.46

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