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    Focusing Methodology

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    sgbabanlolo8
    Research in Academia

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    Focusing Methodology

    Uploaded by

    sgbabanlolo8
    1 views20 pages
    Research in Academia

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    Research in Academia

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1 views20 pages

    Focusing Methodology

    Uploaded by

    sgbabanlolo8
    Research in Academia

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    RESEARCH WRITING IN ACADEMIA:

    FOCUSING METHODOLOGY

    PAPER PRESENTED AT A ONE-DAY REFRESHER


    COURSE FOR ACADEMIC STAFF ORGANIZED BY
    THE MANAGEMENT OF CLIMAX COLLEGE OF
    EDUCATION BAUCHI , HELD IN THE COLLEGE
    CONFERENCE HALL ON 23RD OCTOBER, 2022

    DR. SALEH GARBA


    RESEARCH
    METHODOLOGY
    Methodology
    Theoretical procedures, statistics and

    thematic approaches used in conducting


    a study.

    Paradigm, theoretical model, Phases,


    Quantitative and Qualitative Techniques
    (Rajasekar et.al., 2013, Orodho, 2016, Robert, 2016)

    23/October/2022 2
    RESEARCH DESIGN
    Defined:
    Researcher’s procedural plan of

    action for answering the research


    questions
    The conceptual structure within which

    research is conducted.
    Blue print for the collection,

    measurement and data analysis.


    (Kothatri, 2003, mugenda, 2012, Wllis & David, 2011)
    23/October/2022 3
    QUANTITATIVE vs. QUALITATIVE

    There are two main research


    approaches:
    Quantitative Research
    Qualitative Research
     Different research designs are

    within the two main strategies


    (Willis & David, 2011; Orodho et.al, 2016,)
    23/October/2022 4
    DESIGNS IN QUANTITATIVE
    METHODS

    Descriptive Research
     Experimental Research
     Correlation Research
     Ex post Factor Research
    Descriptive Case Study
     Systematic Review
    Quasi-experimental

    23/October/2022 5
    DESIGNS IN QUALITATIVE METHODS
     Phenomenology
     Ethnography
     Grounded Theory
     Historical Research
     Narrative Research
     Biographical Study
    Action Research

    (Morse & Field, 2003; Kahn, 2006; Ceswell)


    23/October/2022 6
    DATA AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES [I]
    Quantitative Method :
    Numerical Data
     Age in years
     Height metres
     Weight kilogramme
     Income in Naira
     Exams score
     Length centimetres

    23/October/2022 7
    DATA AND RESEARCH
    STRATEGIES [II]
    Qualitative Method
     Non numeric Data
     Audio recording
     Video
     Race
     Gender
     Emails

    23/October/2022 8
    GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
    The researcher:
    Identifies and names the design
    Describes the nature of design
    Indicates the locale of the study
    Describes the sources of data
    Explains how data will be analysed
    Provides justification for adopting

    the design
    (Laura et.al., 2015; Kothari, 2004; Sherri,
    2012) 23/October/2022 9
    POPULATION AND
    SAMPLING
     Target population (Total number of
    subjects involved)
    Accessible population (That can
    actually be reached by the researcher)
    Sample (part of target or accessible
    population selected as representative).

    23/October/2022 10
    DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
    Techniques
    Non mathematical methods (Discretion

    of the researcher)
    Statistical methods ( Yamane’s

    formulae
    n= N/ (1 + Ne² ). Where as: n = number
    of samples; N = total population; e =
    error margin
    Statistical Tables(Krejcie and Morgan)

    (Yamane, 1967, Slephanie, 2018,


    Orodho, 2016) 23/October/2022 11
    SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
    Probability Sampling: (Each subject
    has equal chance of being selected)
     Random sampling
    Systematic sampling
    Stratified sampling
    Census sampling

    23/October/2022 12
    NON - PROBABILITY
    Deliberate Selection
    Convenience sampling
    Judgment Sampling
    Quota sampling
    Snow ball Sampling

    (Orodho, 2009,Creswell, 2012,)

    23/October/2022 13
    RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
    The tools to be used for
    collecting data
     Observation
     Questionnaires
     Interviews
     Document Analysis

    23/October/2022 14
    QUALITY CONTROL: RELIABILITY
    The consistency of results over time and
    raters
     Internal Reliability (consistency within the test)
     External Reliability (varies from one test to
    another)
    Assessing Reliability
    - Split-half method
    - Test- retest
    - Inter- rater
    - Cronbach’s Alpha

    (Mc Leod) S.A. (2007), Borg & Gall, 1989)


    23/October/2022 15
    QUALITY CONTROL: VALIDITY
    The extent to which an instrument
    measures what it is intended to
    measure
     Internal validity (reasons for out come of
    the study)
     External validity (applying results to other
    situations)
    Types of validity
    - Content validity
    - Construct validity
    - Criterion validity 23/October/2022 16
    DATA ANALYSIS
    The use of Statistical Tools and
    Qualitative Techniques
    Entails:
     Collection of filled questionnaires
     Separation into constituent parts
     Coding
     Transcription
     Data entry

    23/October/2022 17
    DATA ANALYSIS CON’T.
    Quantitative data – Descriptive
    and/or Inferential Statistics
    Qualitative data – Thematically,

    Direct quotes, or via a soft ware

    (Ampofo, Bizimani & Ndayambije


    2016)

    23/October/2022 18
    ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

    Entails how to ensure ethical


    requirements are upheld in the
    study
    Major concerns
     Informed consent
     Privacy
     Confidentiality
     Anonymity
    23/October/2022 19
    THANK YOU FOR
    LISTENING

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