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    Assessment Mass Production and Field Release

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    ravenratvuu
    Mass production of Animals rearing

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    Assessment Mass Production and Field Release

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    ravenratvuu
    19 views30 pages
    Mass production of Animals rearing

    Original Title

    Assessment-Mass-Production-and-Field-release

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    Mass production of Animals rearing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views30 pages

    Assessment Mass Production and Field Release

    Uploaded by

    ravenratvuu
    Mass production of Animals rearing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    Mass Production

    Mass Production
    Efficient Mass rearing
    The basic Requirements for
    successful insect colonization and
    rearing were listed by Needham, et
    al. (1937).
    • Food
    • Protection from enemies
    • A suitable physical environment
    • Fit conditions for reproduction
    The components necessary in an
    efficient mass-rearing operation
    include:
    1. The physical Facility
    2. Diet(s)
    3. Rearing containers
    4. Rearing procedures
    5. Qualified trained personnel
    Rearing facilities
    • Simple
    • Practical
    • functional
    Diet
    • Walker et al. list criteria for diet
    suitability
    1. High survival
    2. Vigorous adults with high
    reproductive capacity
    3. Normal rate of development
    4. Low-cost ingredients
    5. Easy preparation for readily
    available ingredients of uniform
    Rearing Containers
    Containers suitable for rearing
    • Individual glass
    • Plastic vials
    • Cell webs
    • Hexcel units
    Rearing procedures and colony
    • Adult Stageshandling
    Ensure higher incidence of mating
    by using large cages containing
    host plants, with controlled
    temperature and humidity, and 10%
    honey solution for adult nutrition.
    Ex. For H. sea. Used oviposition
    cages.
    Rearing procedures and colony
    • Egg Stages handling
    • Larvae – Depending on the
    temperature the larvae mature
    and begin pupating. The
    development can be easily
    observe for Plexiglas box.
    • Pupal Stage Pupae are placed one
    layer deep in boxes or dishes of various
    Assessment of Parasitism

    • Quantitative review showed that


    biocontrol agents significantly
    reduced pest abundance by 130%
    compared to control groups,
    increased parasitism by 139% and
    overall pest mortality by 159%
    compared to targets not exposed
    to biocontrol agents.
    Assessment of Parasitism

    • Quantitative review showed that


    most biocontrol studies were
    focused on lepidopteran pests,
    and that parasitoids were the
    most common biocontrol agents
    used..
    Weed/Insect biocontrol agents
    • Agent related types of
    measurements can be made to quantify
    damage caused by agents at different
    densities on individual plants.
    • Laboratory and glasshouse studies
    simulate possible agent damage on
    the target
    weed can be performed ahead, to identify
    the
    • Field studies
    Several approaches have been used
    to assess the effectiveness of prospective
    agents in the field.
    • Demographic modelling
    Models of plant population dynamics
    can assist with the selection of effective
    agents by identifying the most vulnerable
    stages of the pest lifecycle.
    • Benefit-cost analyses
    To measure the expected or actual
    return on investment from biological control
    program which is expressed as benefit-cost
    ratio or as net present value.
    • Long-term evaluation
    To check if the agents are performing
    as expected and to understand the factors
    that influence their effectiveness.
    Augmentat
    ion
    and
    Conservati
    on
    Augmentation
    The release of natural enemies (predators,
    parasites and pathogens) to control pests is a
    type of biological control called augmentation.

    2 Types:
    • Inoculative
    • Inundative
    Conservation
    Reduce the factors which interfere with natural
    enemies or provide the resources that natural
    enemies need in their environment

    Ex. A study revealing the biological control of California


    red scale, Aonidiella aurantii natural (Maskell), suggests
    that the control may be achieved through periodic
    washing of citrus tree foliage that increases the
    parasitoids efficiency
    Ex. Some host plant effects such as chemical defenses
    which are harmful to natural enemies but the pest on
    the host plant is best adapted to it, also reduces the
    effectiveness of biological control. There are some pests
    that are able to sequester toxic components of their
    host, and use them as defense against their own
    enemies. In such cases also the effectiveness of
    biological control is reduced.
    Importation
    Importation of natural enemies, sometimes
    referred to as classical biological control, is used
    when a pest of exotic origin is the target of the
    biocontrol program. Pests are constantly being
    imported into countries where they are not native,
    either accidentally, or in some cases,
    intentionally. Many of these introductions do not
    result in establishment or if they do, the organism
    may not become pests.
    IPM
    1. Prevention: Organisms are kept from becoming problems
    by planning and managing ecosystems.
    2. Identification: Pests and beneficial organisms are
    identified.
    3. Monitoring: Pest and beneficial organism’s populations are
    watched, as well as pest damage, and the
    environment.
    4. Injury and Action Decision: Injury and action thresholds
    are used to know when to treat pests.
    5. Treatments: Treatments (or a combination) are used,
    including cultural, biological, physical,
    mechanical, behavioural, or chemical
    methods. The goal is to control pests with little impact
    Advantages of IPM include:

    ƒ Long-term answers to pest problems


    ƒ Protecting environmental and human health by
    reducing pesticide use
    ƒ Reducing harm to beneficial organisms
    ƒ Preventing creation of pesticide resistant
    pests
    ƒ Providing a way to manage pests when
    pesticides cannot be used
    Monitori
    ng
    Treatments
    All available information is used in an IPM
    program to select the best treatments. Two or more
    treatments are often used together.
    Most treatments fall into one of the following
    groups:
    • Cultural
    • Mechanical/Physical
    • Biological
    • Behavioural
    • Chemical

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