Turbo-machinery Project

Faculty of Engineering and Technology The University of Jordan, AmmanJordan Turbofan engines

Turbofan Engines
By: Waleed Ahmed Shriem. Ahmed Awni Al-Qara. Ahmed Fahmi Abu-Znait. Khaldoon Mohammad Dardas. (0076467) (0076416) (0072812) (0076426)

Contents:
-Abstract. -propulsion system. -Jet engines old history. -parts of the Jet engine. -Turbofan engines. -Comparison. -summary. -references.

Abstract
A turbofan engine is the modified engine from the basic gas turbine engine which also called the turbo-jet engine, so to understand how it works, jet propulsion will be clarified then an introduction to the main components of a turbojet such as compressors, combustion chamber, turbines, and exhaust system will be introduced and then see what is motivated in the turbofan and how that gives the higher thrust and better fuel efficiency. Is it reasonable for the most of modern airliners to use turbofan engines, instead of the old jet-engines?

Propulsion system
Propulsion system is the system which generate thrust force which required moving the aircraft, it can simply achieved by the third Newtons law which states that for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction, then we can get a thrust force as reaction in forward direction if we found a system can act a force from the aircraft to the space as action.

Old History
- The principles behind the jet engine have been understood for thousands of years. - The first precursor to the modern jet engine was invented by Heron around 150 BC. Heron's Aeolipile created a mechanical force from steam pressure by heating water up in a ball with two opposing bent tubes attached; steam exiting through the tubes created a reaction force that spun the ball.[1] - Reaction type propulsion was again seen in the 1200AD with the advent of the rocket in China. [1]

[1] http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/therm_1/je2/history.htm

Heron's invention.[2] [2] http://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/steamenging2.html

Jet engine parts

[3] http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbparts.html

Parts of Jet engine:

Every part of the Jet engine comes in a variety of shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft.

1-Inlets: to bring free stream air into the engine. The inlet sits upstream of the compressor.
2-Compressor: to increase the pressure of the incoming air before it enters the combustor. Axial and centrifugal compressors are used. Centrifugal compressors, which were used in the first jet engines, are still used on small turbojets. Modern large turbojet and turbofan engines usually use axial compressors. Axial is preferred because it can easily be connected in series (multistage).

Continue ..parts
3-Combustor or burner in which the fuel is combined with high pressure air and burned. The resulting high temperature exhaust gas is used to turn the power turbine and produce thrust when passed through a nozzle. 4-power turbine it located downstream of the burner to extract energy from the hot flow and turn the compressor. Work is done on the power turbine by the hot exhaust flow from the burner. 5-Nozzle to produce thrust, to conduct the exhaust gases back to the free stream, and to set the mass flow rate through the engine. The nozzle sits downstream of the power turbine.

How Jet engine works

The air intake sucked by the compressor, then the compressor increase its pressure, temperature, and speed, entering the combustor and mixed with the fuel, then spark make it combust, resulting a very high temperature and increase in pressure inside the engine, the blades of the turbine gain energy from the hot gases flow passing them, most of the energy used as a power to rotate the compressors, finally the hot gases rush out of the nozzle with a high speed as a reaction the airplane will move forward. Jet engines used in 1- Aircrafts.

2-boats.

TURBOFAN ENGINE
A turbofan is a type of aircraft engine consisting of a ducted fan which is powered by a gas turbine. Part of the airstream from the ducted fan passes through the gas turbine core, providing oxygen to burn fuel to create power. However, most of the air flow bypasses the engine core, and is accelerated by the fan blades in much the same manner as a propeller. The combination of thrust produced from the fan and the exhaust from the core is a more efficient process than other jet engine designs, resulting in a comparatively low specific fuel consumption.

Turbofan

[4] http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbf.html

How Turbofan works

The incoming air is captured by the engine inlet. Some of the incoming air passes through the fan and continues on into the core compressor and then the burner, where it is mixed with fuel and combustion occurs. The hot exhaust passes through the core and fan turbines and then out the nozzle, as in a basic turbojet. The rest of the incoming air passes through the fan and bypasses, or goes around the engine, just like the air through a propeller. The air that goes through the fan has a velocity that is slightly increased from free stream. So a turbofan gets some of its thrust from the core and some of its thrust from the fan. The ratio of the air that goes around the engine to the air that goes through the core is called the bypass ratio. Because the fuel flow rate for the core is changed only a small amount by the addition of the fan, a turbofan generates more thrust for nearly the same amount of fuel used by the core. This means that a turbofan is very fuel efficient. In fact, high bypass ratio turbofans are nearly as fuel efficient as turboprops. Because the fan is enclosed by the inlet and is composed of many blades, it can operate efficiently at higher speeds than a simple propeller. That is why turbofans are found on high speed transports and propellers are used on low speed transport.

Comparison

Jet Engine Fan existents No

Turbo fan engine Yes

Bypass
Thrust Fuel consumption

No
lower higher

Yes
Higher Lower

References:
1- http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/therm_1/je2/history.htm 2- http://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/steamenging2.html 3- http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/turbparts.html 4-http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbf.html 5-http://www.scribd.com/doc/15185649/Turbofan-Engine 6-Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach;Yunus A. and M. A. Boles,Sixth Edition 7- www.wikipedia.com