COMPREHENSIVE

GUIDE:
BASIC GRAMMAR
 - This comprehensive guide systematically explores the
intricacies of grammar, providing learners with
foundational skills essential for proficient
communication.
 Importance of Grammar in
Communication

- Effective communication relies on the nuanced use of

grammar, which enhances clarity, coherence, and
precision.
- Grammar serves as a linguistic tool, enabling individuals
to express ideas with accuracy, impact, and nuance.
Parts of
Speech
NOUNS
 NOUNS

Nouns - is a word that names something, such as a

person, place, thing, or idea.

Examples :
Person: John, Mary, teacher, doctor
Place: Paris, school, park, kitchen
Thing: book, table, car, computer
Idea: freedom, democracy, justice
Classifications of Nouns
Common and Proper
Singular and Plural
Concrete and Abstract
Regular and Irregular
Collective Noun
Compound Noun
For each noun below, determine if it is a proper noun or
common noun. For this exercise, the proper nouns are not
capitalized and so you do.
1. Surigao city __________________________
2. luneta park __________________________
3. tissues __________________________
4. soap __________________________
5. pepsi cola __________________________
6. philippine sea __________________________
7. siargao __________________________
8. company __________________________
9. northeastern mindanao
colleges__________________________
10. television __________________________
Underline each plural noun in the sentences below and
indicate if it is regular (REG) or irregular (IRREG) in terms
of how it is pluralized.
1. The doctor treated most of the patients who were waiting.
2. The geese crossed the road near my car.
3. She set a trap to catch the mice that had invaded her kitchen.
4. You will have to feed the oxen most afternoons.
5. Whenever I travel to the countryside, I see many sheep, ducks,
deer, and cows.
6. Those husbands and wives lead interesting lives.
7. Her feet have grown since last year.
8. The back window of my apartment overlooks about a dozen roofs.
9. The salesmen surrounded me in the showroom.
10. Kenneth had to buy two bottles of disinfectant to get rid of the lice
in his bathroom.
Pronouns
Pronouns are words like “I,” “she,” and “they” that are used
in a similar way to nouns.
1. Personal Pronouns:
- Personal pronouns refer to specific people or things.
Examples:
I went to the store.
You need to study.
He is my brother.
She is a doctor.
It is raining outside.
We are going on a trip.
They are my friends.
2. Demonstrative Pronouns:
- Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things or people.
Examples:
This is my favorite book.
That is your coat.
These are the keys.
Those are the mountains
3. Possessive Pronouns:
- Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession.
Examples:
Mine is the red car.
Is this book yours or mine?
The house is ours.
Is that umbrella hers?
Underline the appropriate pronoun inside the parenthesis to
complete each statement below.
1. The team leader gives (them, me, you) their specific assignment.
2. I am handing the report to (my, her, him) superior today.
3. The patrolling officers are riding on (her, his, their) new motorbikes.
4. My father is filing a complaint against (him, they, their).
5. I don't know the exact location where (them, he, it) plants the
explosives.
6. (She, he, it) is going to give her testimony in court today.
7. He fired at (them, his, him) helpless neighbors.
8. Can you tell (them, their, theirs) the way to the police station,
please?
9. The brand new patrol cars are for (our, them, it) police station.
10.Can you help my mother and (me, us, ours) in convincing the
witness to testify?
VERBS
Verbs are words used to describe an action, state, or
occurrence, and forming the main part of the
predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become,
happen.
Examples of Verbs:
1. Action Verbs:
Run: She runs every morning.
Jump: The cat jumped onto the table.
Sing: They sang beautifully at the concert.
Write: He writes stories for children.
2. State of Being Verbs
is, am, are: She is happy.
was, were: They were tired after the journey.
be, been, being: He has been a good friend.
seem, appear: She seems upset about the news.
3. Helping Verbs
have, has, had: She has finished her homework.
do, does, did: He did his best in the exam.
will, shall: They will arrive late.
can, could: He can swim very well.
4. Modal Verbs:
may, might: She might go to the party.
must: You must finish your work.
should: He should apologize for his
mistake.
would: She would love to join us.
5. Transitive Verbs (verbs that take an object):
eat: She eats apples.
read: He reads books.
play: They play soccer.
6. Intransitive Verbs (verbs that do not take
an object):
sleep: She sleeps peacefully.
laugh: He laughs loudly.
arrive: They arrived early
 Regular Verbs
Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle forms by
adding "-ed" to the base form of the verb.
• Examples:
Walk (base form) -> Walked (past tense) -> Walked (past
participle)
Talk (base form) -> Talked (past tense) -> Talked (past
participle)
Play (base form) -> Played (past tense) -> Played (past
participle)
 Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs do not follow the typical pattern of adding "-ed" to form
the past tense and past participle forms.
Instead, they have unique forms for their past tense and past participle.
Examples:
Go (base form) -> Went (past tense) -> Gone (past participle)
Eat (base form) -> Ate (past tense) -> Eaten (past participle)
Sing (base form) -> Sang (past tense) -> Sung (past participle)
Verb Tenses
1. Present
2. Past
3. Future
 Present Tense
Simple Present: Used to describe actions that are habitual,
factual, or ongoing.
Example: She sings beautifully.
Present Continuous: Describes actions that are currently
happening at the moment of speaking.
Example: They are playing soccer right now.
Present Perfect: Indicates actions that occurred at an indefinite
time in the past or have relevance to the present.
Example: He has finished his homework.
Present Perfect Continuous: Expresses actions that started in
the past and continue up to the present moment.
Example: They have been studying for hours.
 Past Tense
• Simple Past: Used to narrate actions that occurred at a specific time in
the past.
Example: She danced all night at the party.
• Past Continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing or in progress
at a particular moment in the past.
Example: They were cooking dinner when the guests arrived.
• Past Perfect: Indicates actions that occurred before another action or
event in the past.
Example: He had already eaten when we arrived.
• Past Perfect Continuous: Expresses actions that were ongoing for a
duration before another point in the past.
Example: They had been waiting for hours before the concert
started.
 Future Tense
• Simple Future: Used to express actions that will happen at a future
time.
Example: She will call you tomorrow.
• Future Continuous: Describes actions that will be ongoing or in
progress at a specific time in the future.
Example: They will be traveling to Europe next month.
• Future Perfect: Indicates actions that will be completed before a
specific time or event in the future.
Example: He will have finished the project by next Friday.
• Future Perfect Continuous: Expresses actions that will have been
ongoing for a duration before a certain point in the future.
Example: They will have been living in the city for five years by
next summer.
 Simple Tense Progressive/ Perfect tense Perfect Progressive/
Continuous Tense Continuous Tense
Presen -s/no -s form of Am/is/are + -ing Have/has + past Have/has been + -ing
t the verb form of the verb participle form of form of the verb
the verb

Past -d, -ed, or the Was/were + -ing had + past had been + -ing form
irregular form of from of the verb participle form of of the verb
the verb the verb

Future Will/ shall + base Will/ shall +be + - Will/ shall + have Will/ shall + have +
form of the verb ing from of the verb + past participle been + -ing form of
form of the verb the verb
Underline the verb in each sentence
below.
1. The officers are marching.
2. Chad is a handsome and snappy police officer.
3. She hangs herself in the ceiling.
4. The hired killer wore a black mask.
5. The officers are investigating the involvement of the
suspect's girlfriend.
6. When will the court open the case again?
7. The C-130 crashed on the ragged terrains of the forest.
8. There are many good police officers in our country.
9. You need to take English 6B for your general requirements
for Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
10.Say NO to drugs! Underline the verb in the sentence and
Write the abbreviation TV (Transitive Verb) or IV (Intransitive
Verb) above the underlined answer.
1. The patrol officer was here last week.
2. They watched CSI: Miami on television last night.
3. Dave and JR studied at the Philippine Military Academy.
4. The door of the prison cell was ajar when the warden checked.
5. The police officer delivered the subpoena.
6. Several fingerprints are found from the crime scene.
7. He wore false teeth and a wig to conceal his identity.
8. The con artist smiled sarcastically.
9. He pleaded for the man to stop the stabbing.
10.The highway patrol officer is keenly monitoring the traffic.
Fill in the blanks with the verb in simple present
tenses.
1. Ann ____________ (read) a book.
2. My sister _______ (play) tennis.
3. We _________ (listen) to music.
4. My brother _______ (sleep).
5. They ________ (study).
6. I ________ (do) my assignments.
7. You ________ (speak)
8. They _________(clean) the house.
9. Tom _________ (go) to the cinema.
10.My mother __________ (run).
Choose the correct answer (SIMPLE PAST)
1. We (cook) ______dinner.
2. My aunt (drives) _______the car.
3. I (read)_______a comic.
4. They (sleep)________.
5. You (study)_________.
6. Ann (do) _____her chores.
7. My brother (play) ________.
8. She (speak) _________.
9. Mary (sing) ___________.
10.My father (work) ________.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun

1. Size:
The big elephant trumpeted loudly.
She lives in a tiny apartment.
2. Color:
He wore a red shirt to the party.
The sky turned dark before the storm.
3. Shape:
She bought a round table for the dining room.
The package arrived in a square box.
4. Quantity:
He has several books on the shelf.
There were many people at the concert.
5. Age
The old house creaked in the wind.
She adopted a young puppy from the shelter.
6. Origin
They sampled some Italian cuisine at the new restaurant.
The vase is an antique piece from China.
7. Material
She wore a dress made of silk to the party.
The table was made of wood.
8. Emotional State
She felt happy after receiving the good news.
He seemed sad when he left the room.
Degrees of Comparison
1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative Degree
Positive Degree
- The positive degree is the basic form of an
adjective or adverb, without making any
comparison.
- It is used to describe a single person, thing, or
action without comparing it to others.
Example:
Positive: She is tall.
Comparative Degree
- The comparative degree is used to compare two
persons, things, or actions.
For most adjectives, the comparative is formed by
adding "-er" to the end of the adjective
- For longer adjectives, "more" is used before the
adjective.
Example:
Comparative: She is taller than her sister.
Comparative: The weather is more pleasant today
than yesterday.
Superlative Degree:
- The superlative degree is used to compare three or
more persons, things, or actions.
- For most adjectives, the superlative is formed by
adding "-est" to the end of the adjective.
- For longer adjectives, "most" is used before the
adjective.
Example:
• Superlative: She is the tallest girl in the class.
• Superlative: The weather today is the most pleasant
in the entire month.
 Positive Comparative Superlative

1 or 2 kind kinder kindest

syllables

More than 1 arrogant more arrogant most arrogant

syllable

Irregular good, well better best

SERIES OF ADJECTIVES

DET opinion size shape condition age color origin NOUN

many pretty small round chipped antique blue Chinese vases

Adverbs
An adverb is a word that can modify or describe a verb,
adjective, another adverb, or entire sentence.
1. Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs that describe how an action is performed.
Examples:
She danced gracefully.
He speaks loudly.
They walked slowly.
She sings beautifully.
2. Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs that indicate how often an action occurs.
Examples:
They always arrive early.
He seldom calls me.
She occasionally visits her grandmother.
We often go hiking on weekends.
3. Adverbs of Time
Adverbs that specify when an action takes place.
Examples:
We will meet tomorrow.
He arrived late.
They went to the park yesterday.
She wakes up early every morning.
4. Adverbs of Place:
Adverbs that indicate where an action happens.
Examples:
The cat is hiding underneath the bed.
They searched everywhere.
She looked upstairs for her keys.
The children played outside.
Preposition
A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location,
spatial relationships, or to introduce an object.

1. Location/Position:
Example:
The book is on the table.
The cat is under the chair.
She lives in the city.
The keys are beside the door.
2. Direction:
Example:
He walked towards the park.
The river flows into the sea.
She ran away from the dog.
We are heading toward the mountains.

3. Time:
Example:
We'll meet at noon.
The party starts after dinner.
She arrived before the concert.
The store closes at 9 PM.
4. Relationships:
Example:
He is with his friends.
They are between the trees.
The cat is behind the sofa.
She is beyond the horizon.
Conjunction
Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences. They serve to establish relationships between these
elements, indicating how they are related to each other in terms of
time, place, purpose, contrast, addition, or consequence.
Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunctions join words, phrases, or independent
clauses of equal grammatical rank.
Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
She likes coffee and tea.
He is tall but she is short.
You can have cake or ice cream.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
• Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses and
establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the
independent clause.
Examples: because, although, while, since, if, when, before,
after, until
She went to bed early because she was tired.
He will come if you call him.
I'll wait here until you return.
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs and link similar elements
within a sentence.
Examples: either...or, neither...nor, both...and, not
only...but also
You can have either cake or ice cream.
He is not only intelligent but also hardworking.
Both Sarah and John attended the party.
Interjections
Interjections are words or phrases that express
emotions or reactions and are often used
independently in speech or writing.
Example of Interjections
1. Wow!: Used to express surprise, wonder, or amazement.
"Wow! That's incredible!"
2. Ouch!: Used to express pain or discomfort.
"Ouch! That hurt!"
3.Yay!: Used to express joy, excitement, or celebration.
"Yay! We won the game!"
4. Oh no!: Used to express disappointment, dismay, or concern.
"Oh no! I forgot my keys!"
5. Bravo!: Used to express admiration, appreciation, or approval.
"Bravo! You did an excellent job!"
6. Ah!: Used to express realization, understanding, or surprise.
"Ah! Now I see what you mean."
7. Alas!: Used to express sadness, sorrow, or regret.
"Alas! We missed the train."
8. Hey!: Used to get someone's attention or to express surprise.
"Hey! Look over here!"
9. Phew!: Used to express relief or exhaustion.
"Phew! That was a close call."
10. Well: Used to indicate a pause, hesitation, or to introduce a
statement.
"Well, I guess we'll have to try again tomorrow."
Sentence Structure
• Subject
- The focal point of a sentence, often a noun
• The subject answers the question "who" or "what" the
sentence is about.
• Examples:
She sings beautifully.
The cat is sleeping.
They went to the park.
• Predicate:
• The predicate is the part of the sentence that contains the verb and provides
information about the subject.
• It usually describes what the subject is doing or experiencing.
• The predicate can include one or more verbs, along with any objects, complements, or
modifiers related to the action.
• Examples:
She sings beautifully.
The cat is sleeping.
They went to the park.
 Example Sentences:
1. Subject + Predicate:
The dog (subject) barks loudly (predicate).
He (subject) plays basketball (predicate).
She (subject) is reading a book (predicate).

2. Compound Subjects and Predicates:

The dog and the cat (compound subject) chase each other (compound predicate).
He and his sister (compound subject) enjoy swimming and hiking (compound
predicate).
2.2 Types of sentences
Declarative, Interrogative, imperative,
exclamatory
1. Declarative Sentences:
• Purpose: Declarative sentences make statements or provide information.
• Structure: They end with a period (.), and the word order typically follows subject-verb-
object.
• Example:
She is going to the store.
2. Interrogative Sentences:
• Purpose: Interrogative sentences ask questions and seek information.
• Structure: They end with a question mark (?), and the word order is often verb-subject-
object or auxiliary-verb-subject.
• Example:
Are you coming with us?
 Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory
3. Imperative Sentences:
• Purpose: Imperative sentences give commands, instructions, or requests.
• Structure: They can end with a period (.) or an exclamation mark (!), and the subject (usually
"you") is implied but not explicitly stated.
• Example:
Please pass the salt. (request)
Close the door! (command)
• 4. Exclamatory Sentences:
• Purpose: Exclamatory sentences express strong emotions or feelings.
• Structure: They end with an exclamation mark (!), and the word order is typically similar to
declarative sentences.
• Example:
What a beautiful day it is!
I can't believe we won!
2.3 Sentence fragments and run-on sentences
Common mistakes and how to correct them
• 1. Sentence Fragments:
• Definition: A sentence fragment is an incomplete sentence that lacks either a subject, a
predicate, or both, making it unable to stand alone as a complete thought.
• Example:
Fragment: While waiting for the bus.
• How to Correct:
• Connect the fragment to an independent clause to form a complete sentence.
• Corrected: While waiting for the bus, she read a book.
 2.3 Sentence fragments and run-on sentences
Common mistakes and how to correct them

2. Run-on Sentences:
• Definition: A run-on sentence occurs when two or more independent clauses are joined
together without proper punctuation or conjunctions.
• Example:
Run-on: She went to the store I stayed at home.
• How to Correct:
• Separate the independent clauses into separate sentences or use punctuation (comma
+ conjunction, semicolon, period).
• Corrected: She went to the store. I stayed at home.
• Corrected: She went to the store, and I stayed at home.
• Corrected: She went to the store; I stayed at home.
 Common mistakes and how to correct them

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

1. Using Subordinate Clauses as Standalone Sentences: Ensure that subordinate
clauses are properly attached to independent clauses.

2. Misusing Punctuation: Use appropriate punctuation marks (commas, semicolons,

periods) to separate clauses and indicate pauses or breaks.

3. Lack of Conjunctions: Use conjunctions (and, but, or, so) to connect related ideas in
compound sentences.
  Tips to Improve Sentence Structure:
• Read your writing aloud to identify any awkward or incomplete sentences.

• Pay attention to sentence structure and ensure that each sentence contains a subject, a
predicate, and conveys a complete thought.

• Use conjunctions, punctuation, and sentence boundaries effectively to clarify

relationships between ideas.