ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
NUMBER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 Principal Quantum Number(n):
 It was proposed by Neils Bohr.

 n is positive integer with values 1,2,3,4 etc.

 It determines the size of the orbit or shell or principal energy level by

rn=(0.529n2/Z) Ao.

 It determines the energy of the orbit or shell or principal energy level.

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 En=eV/atom

 n values are 1,2,3,4 etc..

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i. The number of electrons in an orbit is given by 2n 2 .

Shell K L M N O P
n-value 1 2 3 4 5 6

Number of 2 8 18 32 50 72
electrons(2n2 )
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i. As the n value increases, size of the orbit increases.

ii. As the n value increases, energy of the orbit also increases.

iii. The angular momentum of electron is given by mvr =

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM
NUMBER
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Azimuthal Quantum Number(l):
i. It was proposed by SOMMERFELD.
ii. It was denoted first by the letter ‘K’ but later modified as ‘l’.

iii. l=k-1. k cannot be zero while l can be zero.

iv. It is also known as orbital angular momentum quantum number or

Subsidiary quantum number or Secondary quantum number.

v. l value depends upon n value.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
i. ‘l’ value ranges from 0 to n-1.

If n=1 l=1-1=0,

if n=2 l=0 to 2-1=0,1

if n=3 l=0 to 3-1=0, 1, 2

if n=4 l=0 to 4-1=0, 1, 2, 3

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i. ‘l’ value denotes sub level in a main energy level.

l=0 s-sublevel

l=1 p-sublevel

l=2 d-sublevel

l=3 f-sublevel

l=4 g-sublevel
l=5 h-sublevel
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M
4f
a 4d
n=4
i
n
4p
E
3d
4S
n 3P
n=3
E
r 3S
g
y 2P
n=2
L
e 2S
v
n=1
e 1S
l
s
Sublevels distribution based on n+l rule
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i. s, p, d, f and g are spectroscopic terms and signify sharp, principal,

diffused, fundamental and generalized respectively.

ii. When n=4, l has values 0,1,2,3 ( 4-values)

n=1 l=0 1s-sublevel n=4 l=0 4s sublevel
n=2 l=0 2s-sublevel l=1 4p-sublevel
l=1 2p-sublevel
l=2 4d sublevel
n=3 l=0 3s sublevel
l=3 4f sublevel.
l=1 3p- sublevel
l=2 3d-sublevel
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ii. The number of l values is equal to magnitude of n value.

iii. The energies of various sublevels in an energy level is s<p<d<f<g

iv. It tells about the shapes of orbitals.

s-orbital spherically symmetric (non-directional),
p-orbital dumb-bell shape,
d-orbital double-dumb-bell shape,
f-orbital complex shape or Quadra-dumb-bell shape or four fold
dumb-bell.
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 The orbital angular momentum is given by

µ1 =

BM= Bohr Magnaton

Its value is 9.273x10-24 Joule/Tesla

µ1 = for 1s, 2s, 3s,…. l = 0  µ1= = 0

for 2p, 3p, 4p,5p …. l = 1  µ1= = =

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
µ1 = for 1s, 2s, 3s,…. l = 0  µ1= = 0

for 2p, 3p, 4p,5p …. l = 1  µ1= = =

for 3d, 4d, 5d, …. l = 2  µ1= = =

i. Maximum number of electrons present in a sub-shell or sub level is

given by 2(2l+1) or (4l + 2)
When l=0 only 2 electrons are accommodate in s-sublevel
ii. When l=1 , 2(2×1+1)=6 electrons i.e., p-sublevel can accommodate
6 –electrons,
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iii. When l=2, 2(2×2+1)=10 electrons. i.e., d-sublevel can accommodate

10 electrons,

iv. When l=3, 2(3×2+1)=14 electrons. i.e., f-sublevel can accommodate 14

electrons,

v. When l=4, 2(2×4+1)=18 electrons. i.e., g-sublevel can accommodate 18

electrons and so on.
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MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER
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Magnetic Quantum Number (m or ml ): What is
Zeeman
i. It was proposed by Lande. effect?
ii. It is denoted by m or ml.
iii. It describes the orientation of orbital with respective coordinate
axis in space.
iv. It explains Zeeman effect.
The splitting of a single spectral line into a number of closely spaced
lines in the presence of strong magnetic field is called Zeeman effect.
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ii. The total number of ‘m’ values for given l value is 2l+1
• When l=0 number of m values =2x0+1=1 has only one value .
• When l=1 number of m values = 2x1+1=3 has three values.

• When l=2 number of m values = 2x2+1=5 has five values.

• When l=3 number of m values = 2x3+1=7 has seven values.

• When l=4 number of m values = 2x4+1=9 has nine values and so on.
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 m can take values based on l value from – l to + l including zero
• When l = 0 ; m = 0 and has only one value.
• When l = 1 ; m has three orientations , thus m has three values
m = -1, 0, +1
 One orientation corresponds to one orbital.
 l = 1 ; indicates p-sublevel as ‘m’ has three values they indicate three
orbitals based on orientation in three dimensional space p x, py and pz
respectively.
 m = 0 indicates pz orbital . m=±1 indicates px or py orbital.
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 l = 2 indicates d-sublevel. For this m has 5 values,
 They indicate five orbitals based on orientation in three dimensional
space.
 l = 2 ; d-sublevel m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 five values.

They indicate five d-orbitals.

Orbital dxy dyz dxz dx2-y2 dz2
m ±2 ±1 ±1 ±2 0
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 f sublevel has 7 degenerate orbitals having m values from -3 to +3

 l = 3 f- sublevel m= -3, -2,-1, 0, +1, +2, +3 , (7-values)

 f-sublevel has 7-orbitals

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-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3

f- sublevel orientations
indicating 7-f-orbitals
Splitting of f sublevel under the influence of
strong magnetic field
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p-orbitals are three fold degenerate or tridegenerate.

d-orbitals are five fold degenerate or pentadegenerate.

f-orbitals are seven fold degenerate or heptadegenerate

g-orbitals are nine fold degenerate or nonadegenerate.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
i. Total number of orbitals in energy level is given by n 2.
For n=1 n2=12=1 only one orbital 1s
n=2 n2 =22 =4 orbitals.
one-2s , three-2p orbitals
n=3 n2=32=9 orbitals.
one-3s, three-3p, five-3d orbitals
n=4 n2=42 = 16 orbitals
one-4s + three-4p+five-4d+seven-4f=16 orbitals.
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4, 2, 0  indicates wave function of an orbiting electron
n = 4 , l= 2, m= 0 (quantum numbers)
n, l, m denote an orbital in this case
It has 4d orbital more accurately as orbital.

• Different values of ‘m’ for given value of ‘l’ provide the total number of
ways in which a given s, p, d and f sub-shells in the presence of magnetic
field.

• These can be arranged in space along x,y, and z axes or total number of
orbitals into which a given sub shell can be divided.
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i. Magnetic quantum number also represents quantized value of Z-
component of angular momentum of an electron in an orbital through
expression.

Lz = m

If the 𝛉 is the angle of z – axis and angular momentum vector

Lz = L cos𝛉, mcos𝛉

mcos𝛉
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1. What are the magnetic quantum number values for 3s ,4s and 5s
electrons?

Solution:
They have l=0
therefore m or ml=o
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What is the m value of

pz, dz2, fz3 orbitals ?

m=0
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SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Spin quantum Number(s or ms):

It was proposed by George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit.

 Electron spins around its own axis while revolving around the
nucleus of an atom.
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 An Electron has not only mass and charge but also Spin Angular
Momentum.
 Spin angular momentum is vector quantity.

 It has two orientations relative to chosen axis.

 These orientations are distinguished as spin quantum numbers

ms= + and ms= -
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 Two electrons that have different ms values are said to possess opposite
spins.

 An orbital cannot accommodate more than two electrons.

 For clockwise spin ms or s= + () upward arrow indicates

clockwise spin .

 For anticlockwise spin ms or s= - (  ) downward arrow indicates

anticlockwise spin.
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 Spin of an electron produces an angular momentum equal to s given by

s = or s =

Where s = +

S = total spin = number of unpaired electrons ×

s = B.M .

n = number of unpaired electrons

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i. Two electrons that have different ms values are said to possess opposite
spins.

An orbital cannot accommodate more than two electrons. To account

for the stability the two electrons in an orbital should possess
opposite spins i.e., paired up spin or anti parallel spin.
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Or

Paired up Spin or Antiparallel Spin

Parallel Spin
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i. The magnetic moment in atom is due to spin of an electron.
ii. Paired electrons cancel the magnetic moment and develop mutual
magnetic attraction.

N S
Magnetic field

S N
Clock wise spin ms=+1/2 AntiClock wise spin ms=-1/2
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
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i. If two electrons have similar spin they are said to possess parallel spin
or spin parallel. The electrons may be present in the same orbital or
different orbitals

Clockwise Anti Clockwise

parallel spin parallel spin

Clockwise Anti clockwise spin

parallel spin Parallel spin
All these electrons in an orbital have similar type spins i.e., parallel spin or in a
sub level have parallel spin
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i. Spin multiplicity of an atom 2Σs+1 where ‘s’ is the spin quantum number.

Normal state
1s2 2s2 2p2
Excited state
1s2 2s1 2p3
In the excited state electronic configuration, there are 5-electrons with + ½
spin and only one electron with - ½ spin.

 1  1   5 1 
2s  1 2   x5     x1 1 2        1 2 x 2  1 5
 2  2   2 2 
ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Thank
you…