BASIC ELEMENTS

OF
LITERATURE
q q w
 PLOT

• Not all Plot are linear some

stories begin in the middle,
end and some were just a loss
 EXPOSITION

• The very beginning of the

story , Authors usually
introduce the major
characters and the settings to
the reader
RAISING ACTION

• Literally everything
that happens in a
story that leads up
to the climax of the
plot ,tension builds
and eventually or it
heads to apeak .
 CLIMAX
• The part where the
character Finally
have to face and
solve the major
conflict this peak
usually is the
moment when the
hero will either
succeed or totally
fail.
FALLING ACTION
• Everything thing
happens after the
climax but before the
resolution , so the
author ties up any lose
ends and starts
bringing the story to a
close.
 RESOLUTION

• Is the conclusion of a story not

necessarily happy, for example their
resolution in Romeo and Juliet is the
death of the main character
 CHARACTERS
• PIECE OF LITERATURE HAS TO HAVE AT
LEAST ONE CHARACTER CAN BE A
PERSON AN OBJECT AN ANIMAL
WHATEVER HAS TO HAVE ONE. THE
PROTAGONIST HE OR SHE OR IT IS THE
MAIN CHARACTER OF THE STORY OFTEN
A HERO SOMETIMES NOT IF WE HAVE A
PROTAGONIST OF COURSE WE HAVE
THE ANTONIST THIS IS THE CHARACTER
IN THE CONFLICT WITH OUR
PROTAGONIST.
• THE PROTAGONIST HE OR SHE
OR IT IS THE MAIN
CHARACTER OF THE STORY
OFTEN A HERO SOMETIMES
NOT IF WE HAVE A
PROTAGONIST OF COURSE WE
HAVE
• THE ANTONIST THIS IS THE
CHARACTER IN THE CONFLICT
WITH OUR PROTAGONIST.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CHARACTER
• DYNAMIC OR ROUND
• STATIC OR FLAT
• STOCK
DYNAMIC OR ROUND
• CHARACTER WHO
UNDERGOES AN IMPORTANT
CHANGES DUE TO ACTION
WITHIN THE PLOT THEY HAVE
DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY
WITH COMPELLINGLY HUMAN
PERSONALITIES AND USUALLY
AT SOME POINT OR AT LEAST
SPONTANEOUS
UNPREDICTABLE
 STATIC OR FLAT
• CHARACTER GOES THROUGH A
LITTLE TO NO CHANGE
USUALLY PLAYING SUPPORTING
ROLE TO OUR MAIN
CHARACTER THEY HAVE LITTLE
DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY AND
APPEAR TO BE MORE
PREDICTABLE.
 STOCK

• CHARACTER WHO IS
STREOTYPICALLY REPLYING
HEAVILY ON CULTURAL TYPES
ARE NORROWLY DEFINED
CHARACTERIZATITON
• This is the means of
conveying reader like you
and me a characters
personality life history,
fashion, physical attributes
etc.
 Setting
• The setting refers to the
time, place and environment
in which the story take place.
It can be include physical,
social, historical,and cultural
elements that shape the
narrative.
 THEME
• A Theme is what the story is
truly about at its core. It is
often the lesson or moral we
are meant to take away from
thin particular story .
 IMAGENARY

• Refers to the descripted

language and sensory details
use by the author to create
vivid mental pictures and
evoke specific emotions or
sensation in the reader.
 TONE

• Tone refers to the

emotion atmosphere
of feeling that the
author creates in the
story
 Symbol
Symbols are objects,
characters, actions or
situations that represent
something beyond their literal
meaning, often conveying
deeper, symbolic significance
within the story.
CONFLICT

• Is the problem that the

main characters have to
tackle , there could be a ‘’
Major conflict” or the
overacting problem that
characters faces or ‘ Minor
conflict ’ or the smaller
obstacle characters have
to overcome to resolve the
major Conflick usually is a
struggles opposing forces
which is the driving force
of story some classical
conflick are;
 SOME MODERN CONFLICT
ARE;
• MAN VS. • MAN VS. SOCIETY
NATURE • MAN VS. HIMSELF
• MAN VS. MAN • MAN VS. NO GOD
• MAN VS GOD
SOME POST-MODERN
CONFLICT ARE
• MAN VS. TEACHNOLOGY
• MAN VS. REALITY
• MAN VS. AUTHOR
 EXPLORATION

• Themes are often

explored through the
characters actions ,
their interaction, and
even of the plot
 Point of view
The point of view is the
perspective from which the
history is told, whether its first
person [from the protagonist]
second person limited [from a
single characters perspective]
or third person omniscient
[with access to multiple
characters].
• In Philippine literature ‘ point
of view’ refers to the
perspective from which a story
is told.
• It shape how the readers
perceive the narrative and
understand the characters,
events, and the cultural
context. Here are some
common points of view used
FIRST PERSON POINT OF
VIEW
• The narrator is a character
within the story using
‘I’ or ‘we’ to recount events.
Provides an intimate glimpse
into the thoughts , feeling,
and experiences of the
narrator
 EXAMPLE
• ‘NOLI ME TANGERE’ BY
JOSE RIZAL, WHERE SOME
PAERTS ARE NARRATED
FROM THE PRESPECTIVE
OF THE CHARACTER
SECOND PERSON POINT OF
VIEW
• The narrator addresses the
reader directly using ‘you’.
• This point of view is less
common and often used to
create an immersive
experience
 EXAMPLE
• Some contemporary filipino
short stories and
experimental fiction might
employ this prespective
THIRD PERSON POINT OF
VIEW
• The narrator is outside the story
and focuses on the thoughts and
feelings of one character
• Allow readers to closely follow a
particular character’s
experiences while maintaining
some narrative distance
 EXAMPLE
• In many of the stories by Nick
joaquin , the third person
Limeted perspective is often
used to provide depth to
individual characters
TRIRD PERSON OMNISCIENT POINT
OF VIEW
• The narrator knows all the
thoughts, actions, and feel
• Provides a comprehensive
understanding of the story’s
events and characters
 EXAMPLE
• ‘FLORANTE AT LUARA’ BY
FRANCISCO BALAGTAs , where
he narrators provides insights
into multiple Chracters and
overarching themes.
TRIRD PERSON OBJECTIVE POIN OF
VIEW
• The narrator reports events
dialogue without delving into
the internal thoughts and
feelings of the characters .
• Creates a more detached and
observational narrative style .
 EXAMPLE
• SOME HISTORICAL NARRATIVES
AND JOURNALISTICS WRITINGS
IN PHILIPPINE LITERATURE MAY
EMPLOY THIS POINT OF VIEW.