EFFECTS

OF
VOLCANOES
This is made up of two
topics:

Famous Philippine
Volcanoes
Effects of Volcanic
Eruptions
What is a volcano?

A volcano is an opening
on the earth’s surface,
typically a conical hill or
mountain, composed
wholly or in part of
ejected materials usually
ashes and lava.
Parts of the volcano
Crater - the opening of a
volcano.
Pipe - the path through
which the ejected materials
passes.
Lava - molten rocks come
out of the ground
 Types of Volcanoes

There are five types of

volcanoes: shield volcanoes,
cinder cones,
stratovolcanoes, domes and
calderas.
Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of
fluid lava flowing and pouring out in all
directions from a central summit vent or
group of vents building a broad, gently
sloping cone of flat, domical shape with a
profile much like that of a warrior’s shield.
They are built up slowly by the accretion of
thousands of highly fluid lava flows called
basalt lava that spread widely over great
distances and then cool as thin, gently
dipping sheets. Lava also commonly erupt
from vents along fractures (rift zones) that
develop on the flanks of the cone.
Cinder cones are the simplest
volcanoes. They are built from articles
and blobs of congealed lava ejected
from a single vent. As the gas-charged
lava blows violently into the air, it
breaks into small fragments that
solidify and fall as cinders around the
vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped
crater at the summit and rarely rise
more than a thousand feet or so above
their surroundings.
Some of the earth’s grandest
mountains are stratovolcanoes—also
called composite volcanoes. They are
typically steep-sided, symmetrical
cones with large dimensions built of
alternating layers of lava flows,
volcanic ashes, cinders, blocks and
bombs and may rise to as much as
8000 ft. above their bases.
Click ico
n t o ad d
picture
Domes are formed by relatively small,
bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow
any great distance; consequently, on
extrusion, the lava piles over and around its
vent. A dome grows largely by expansion
from within. As it grows, its outer surface
cools and hardens then shatters spilling
loose fragments down its sides. Some domes
form craggy knobs or spines over the
volcanic vent, whereas others form short,
steep-sided lava flows known as coulees.
Volcanic domes commonly occur within the
craters or on flanks of large stratovolcanoes.
Calderas are depressions formed by
collapsed volcanoes. They are usually
large, steep-walled, basin-shaped
depressions formed by the collapsed
volcano on a large area over and
around a volcanic vent or vents.
Calderas range in form and size from
roughly circular depressions 1 to 15
mi. in diameter to huge elongated
depressions as much as 60 mi. long.
Active and Inactive Volcanoes
Volcanoes can be classified as
either active or inactive based on their
recorded history.

Active volcano is defined as one

which has erupted within historic
times such that accounts of its
eruption have been documented by
man
 A volcano is said to be inactive if
it has not erupted within historic
times and its form is beginning to
change because of weathering
and erosion.
 VOLCANO LOCATION

Mayon Legaspi City, Albay

Taal Talisay, Batangas
Kanlaon Negros Oriental

Bulusan Sorsogon

Ragang Cotabato

Smith Babuyan Island Group

Hibok-Hibok Mambajao, Camiguin Island

Didicas Babuyan Island Group

Babuyan Claro Babuyan Island Group

Camiguin de Babuyanes Babuyan Island Group

 Cagua Cagayan

Banahaw Lucena City

Calayo Valencia, Bukidnon

Iraya Batanes

Pinatubo Zambales

Iriga Iriga, Camarines Sur

Biliran Biliran

Bud Dajo Jolo Island

Matutum Cotabato

Kalatungan Bukidnon

Makaturing Lanao, Mindanao

Parker South Cotabato

Philippine
Volcanoes
 The Philippine
archipelago
has approximately more than
200 volcanoes. Of these, 22
are considered active and
several of these have erupted
in recent times. Mayon and
Taal are the most active
followed by Hibok-Hibok,
Kanlaon and Pinatubo.
Mayon Volcano
 Located in the eastern part of Albay
province, 300 km southeast of Manila.
Classified as a stratovolcano or a
composite volcano.
Since 1616, Mayon Volcano has had 46
recorded eruptions. The most violent and
destructive eruption so far happened on
February 1, 1814, where at least 1200
people died due to lahar.
The eruptions of Mayon Volcano are
commonly of the vulcanian type, which is
characterized by a sudden release of
accumulated gases, bringing with it fine
ashes or blocks from the magma.
Taal Volcano
 Situated near the center of Taal Lake in
Batangas.
Taal Volcano is composed primarily of tuff or
porous rock and of consolidated ashes with
occasional coarse fragments. It is made up of
at least 35 cones and 47 craters or depressions
formed either by eruptions or by collapsing due
to intense pressure. The cones have been
formed from base surges or rapid-moving
mixtures of volcanic debris and steam, from
airfalls or from the spreading of lava. Twenty-
six of these cones are tuff cones, five are cinder
cones and four are maars, circular depressions
produced from volcanic activities.
Taal Volcano’s biggest eruption
occurred in 1572. However, the most
devastating eruptions happened in
1754 and 1911.
Recently Taal Volcano once again
shows its grief. On January 12, 2020,
43 years after the 1977 eruption,
with alert level escalating from 2-4.
it was an eruption from the main
crater. The latest eruption push more
than 25, 000 people to evacuate their
homes and abondoned their living.
Mt. Hibok-Hibok
 Located at the northeastern part of
Camiguin Island.
Mt. Hibok-Hibok’s latest activity
started in August 1948 and lasted
until September 1953. The peak of
the eruption occurred in December
1951 when an avalanche with
hurricane speed and a very high
temperature rolled down toward
Mambajao causing damage along the
way.
The eruption of Mt. HibokHibok
is of the pelean type which is
considered as one of the most
dangerous types and is
characterized by viscous magma
that gives off ashes and
pyroclastic materials and the
presence of nuee ardente or
glowing clouds of gases.
Mt. Kanlaon
 A large stratovolcano situated in
the north-central portion of
Negros Island.
The earliest recorded eruption
of Mt. Kanlaon was in 1866.
From that time, it already had at
least 15 eruption periods
including the one occurring in
1988, the latest.
Mt. Pinatubo
 Located in the central portion of the
Zambales Range, a mountain belt
bordering the western side of Luzon and
extends 220 km north from Lingayen Gulf
in the north to Bataan in the south.
On April 2, 1991, after about 450 years of
inactivity, Mt. Pinatubo started showing
signs of restiveness. Five vents at its
northwestern slope started emitting white
steam plumes at varying intensities. In
June 1991, the volcanic activity resulted in
one of the world’s most violent and
destructive eruptions ever recorded.
Effects of
Volcanic
Eruptions
 In Lesson 1, you learned all about
volcanoes. You learned what a volcano
is, what its types are, what active and
inactive volcanoes are and some of the
most famous Philippine volcanoes and
their locations.

This lesson will now tell you about

the effects of volcanic eruptions.
Beneficial
Effects
of Volcanic
Eruptions
 USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
1.) Electrical power generation—geothermal
energy power plants provide extremely cheap and
reliable supply of electricity.
2.) Industrial applications—geothermal steam is
used for heating, drying, salt making, fish
canning, boric acid production or refrigeration.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has developed
technologies for the industrial utilization of
geothermal steam in salt making and fish canning.
3. )Recreational and health applications—hot
springs and warm mineral springs are used for
recreational and medical purposes.
 Harmful
Effects of
Volcanic
Eruptions
1. Ashfall. An ashfall is a heavy
downfall of volcanic ashes that can
cause harm to human beings, animals,
crops, machinery and buildings. Fine
volcanic ashes can be breathed in and
cause respiratory diseases if inhaled
over prolonged periods. Heavy
ashfalls can also cause extreme
darkness, damage aircraft engines
and crops, make roofs collapse if
allowed to accumulate in big
quantities and cause metal corrosion
2. Pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic flows are
extremely hot (up to 1000°C) often
incandescent and turbulent blasts of volcanic
fragments (the size of boulders, pebbles, sand
or dust) and hot gases that sweep downslope
close to the ground at hurricane speed up to
100 kph. These are horizontally directed,
usually following topographic depressions and
gullies. Because of their high density and
mobility, pyroclastic flows are fatal to nearly all
life-forms that lie along their paths. Standing
inanimate objects are either buried or
destroyed upon direct impact or charred by
extreme heat.
 3. Lahar (Mudflow). Lahars
commonly called mudflows are
flowing mixtures of volcanic
materials and water. Loosely
consolidated ashes and pyroclastic
flow deposits on the slopes of the
volcano are easily eroded and then
mobilized by heavy rains, causing a
debris-water mixture (with the
consistency of wet concrete) to
cascade downslope. Lahars usually
follow preexisting gullies and
4. Flooding. Moderate to heavy
rains that do not trigger lahars
will transport large quantities of
sediments to lowland areas. These
sediments fill up river channels
causing rivers to overflow and
flooding in lowland areas. This
hazard may continue for years or
decades after an eruption.
5. Phreatic explosion. A volcano can
be expected to exhibit occasional
phreatic explosions with plumes
reaching heights of 5000 to 20000 m.
These can cause light to moderately
heavy ashfalls in downwind areas
and possibly cause damage to
aircrafts. These explosions may
persist for months or even years but
decrease in intensity and recurrence
with time.
6. Secondary explosion. When
water seeps into the still-hot
pyroclastic flows, steam
explosions referred to as
secondary explosions occur
ejecting ashes and ballistic
fragments to as high as hundreds
to thousands of meters from the
source. These are expected to
pose danger for two to three
years or for as long as the
7. Earthquake. Though volcano-
related seismicity has been
declining, posteruption earthquakes
can still cause ground motions
strong enough to damage or destroy
weak or unstable structures. These
earthquakes are expected to affect
the entire volcanic and adjacent
areas within the next several months
to a year after an eruption.
 Precautionary
Measures in the
Face of Hazards
Posed by Volcanic
Eruptions
1. Avoid low places or areas
vulnerable to avalanches, rock falls,
lava flows and mudflows.
2. To minimize mudflows, refrain from
deforesting the slopes of volcanoes.
3. During ash showers, people with
respiratory ailments should stay
outside the ash shower area so as not
to aggravate their conditions. But
others should also cover their noses
preferably with a wet piece of cloth.
4. In-between heavy ash showers,
ashes that have accumulated on
rooftops should be scraped off to
prevent collapse or destruction of
the rooftops due to pressure.
5. Construct earthquake-resistant
structures in areas near active
volcanoes.
6. Those living on or around
volcanoes should always have ready
means of transportation.
Volcano of
sweetness, thunder
of honeycombs, vast
love, vast death,
vast fire.

- Victoria Kahler
Thank you!!