Importance of Quantitative Research Across

Fields
• The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the unknown and improve
underlying conditions is undeniable. Throughout history, quantitative research has paved
the way to finding meaningful solutions to difficulties.
• The findings of the quantitative study can influence leaders’ and law-makers’ decisions
for crafting and implementing laws for the safety and welfare of the more significant
majority.
• Using quantitative design helps us determine and better understand relationships
between variables or phenomenon crucial to reducing the range of uncertainty because
the mathematics (more of this in the last module) behind quantitative studies helps us
make close estimates of the outcome (dependent variable) from a given condition/s
(independent variable).
• Most inventions and innovations are products of quantitative studies. Before you can
enjoy the uses and features of a smart phone, it took years of research to establish
compliance to standards for interoperability, to find the most cost-effective raw materials,
and to identify the sleekest and sturdiest design
The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative
research to other fields
and their example.
Field Contribution/Application Example

Social Science Show effects of intervention to group The effects of pandemic on social
behavior behavior and economic stability
• Understand cultural or racial conflicts
• Human satisfaction and
stressor
Natural and Investigate the effectiveness of a Antidiabetic properties of
Physical product or treatment to illnesses common Philippine herbs
Sciences • Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
• Advancement in material science
Agriculture and • increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of
Fisheries • Prevent and cure crops and livestock organic and inorganic
diseases fertilizer to vegetable
production
 SPORTS Enhance athletic performance diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports

BUSINESS Offer device marketing strategies Diet and exercise

• Improve marketability techniques for different
kinds of sports

ART AND DESIGN how relationship between The effects of music on

color and architectural space learning and behavior.
• Maximize use of Multimedia
and adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Determine Cause and effects of The environmental factors
climate change affecting natural calamities
Lesson 3: Source of related
Literature
 VARIABLE
A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. For
instance, during the quarantine period, your mother planted tomato
seedlings in pots. Now common understanding from science tells you that
several factors are affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of
soil, and nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear
fruits will depend on these factors.
Characteristics of a Variable
it is important to note that variables may have the following characteristics:
● they have a prescriptive period/duration when they start and stop
● the may have a pattern such as daily, weekly, and monthly.
● they are detailed though the summary is thorough and profound.

The Importance of Dependent and Independent Variables

the importance of dependent and independent variable is that they guide the researchers to
pursue their studies with maximum curiosity.

The relationship between dependent and Independent

the relationship between the dependent and independent variable is that independent
variables cause a change in the dependent variable, it is not possible for a dependent
variable cause a change is an independent.
Dependent Variable Independent Variable

The growth of tomatoes and the The amount of sunlight, water, and
number of fruits produced are nutrients in the soil are the
examples of the Dependent Variables Independent Variables.

If there is an existing relationship between the independent and dependent variables, then the
value of the dependent variable varies in response to the manipulation done on the independent
variable. The independent variable is also identified as the presumed cause while the dependent
variable is the presumed effect
Extraneous Variable
It is important to note other factors that may influence the outcome (dependent
variable) not manipulated or pre-defined by the researcher.
e.g. pets, extreme weather) are the extraneous variables. Since extraneous
variables may affect the result of the experiment,

Internal Validity
Internal validity is the extent to which you can be confident that a cause-and-effect relationship
established in a study cannot be explained by other factors. In other words, can you reasonably draw a
causal link between your treatment and the response in an experiment ( i.e. accurate conclusion) of
the result.

Confounding Variable
Controlling the extraneous variable can be done by holding it constant or distribute its effect across
the treatment. When
the researcher fails to control the extraneous variable that it caused considerable effect to the
outcome, the extraneous variable becomes a Confounding Variable. For example, if the
tomato had been infested by pests (confounding variable)
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used
in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category
are discrete and continuous variables.

A. Discrete variables
are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or
values between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.

B. Continuous variables
take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height,
temperature.Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

1. Intervals
are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values are equal and
meaningful, but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37
degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not suggest the
absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point
of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.
2. Ratio
type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of a true zero value. The zero
point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age, height,
weight, and distance.
Qualitative Variables also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in
numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into dichotomous, nominal or ordinal.

A. Dichotomous variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for example,
a response to a question either be a yes or no.

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may have more than 2 categories of
equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him from other
players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are blood type,
hair color and mode of transportation.

C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This
variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a
numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating
like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal variable:
cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high,
with honors).
Description of Sampling and Data Collection
Data collection is very important in the aspect of research. researchers should choose the
proper sampling method to answer what was asked in the research problem.

sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of

observations taken in large population. the methodology used to sample from larger
population depends on the type of analysis being performed.
Types of Sampling : Sampling method
1. Probability Sampling
is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method
based on the theory of probability for instance a population of 1000 members each of these
members will have 1/1000 chances of being selected to be a part of a sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling
methods of collecting data where single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by
chance and each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be part of a
sample.
b. Cluster Sampling
a method where the researchers divide the entire population into section or cluster that represents
a population.
c. Systematic Sampling
a method where members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of the population, it
requires selection of a starting point.
d. Stratified Random Sampling
a method where a population can be divided into small groups.
2. Non Probability Sampling
is reliant on a researchers ability to select members at random. this sampling method is
not a fixed or pre defined selection process which make it difficult for all elements of a
population to have equal opportunities.
a. Purposeful/purposive Sampling
the most common sampling strategy. this type of sampling participants are selected
based on pre selected criteria
b. Qouta Sampling
a sampling technique whereby participants quotes are preset prior to sampling.
typically the researchers is attempting to gather data from a certain number of
participants.
c. Snowball Sampling
also known as chain referral sampling. in this method the participants refer the
researchers to other who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the
study.